发表机构
New York University Abu Dhabi（纽约大学阿布扎比分校）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究整合跨国调查数据，将141个国家的114万人置于四个政治维度，发现单一左右轴无法描述全球多数政治分歧，各国极化议题因地区而异，并发布可复用的条目库与参数。
AI 中文摘要
世界各地的社会被描述为日益极化，然而议题极化——即社会在政治立场上的分歧程度——几乎完全是在西方民主国家发展出的单一左右轴上测量的。该轴是否描述了其他地区的政治分歧，在很大程度上未经检验，因为没有调查在多个国家跨维度测量政治态度。在此，我们整合了来自九个跨国调查项目和二十三个国家选举研究的1299个条目，将来自141个国家的114万人置于四个维度上：社会自由主义、经济左右、民主承诺和反精英情绪。单一的左右轴并不能描述世界大部分地区的政治分歧。一个人的社会与经济立场之间的国家内中位数相关性为-0.015。社会之间的差异反而在于它们因何而分歧，且这种差异具有地区性。欧洲国家最常在社会主义上分歧，东亚和阿拉伯国家在民主承诺上，拉丁美洲国家在经济左右上，非洲国家在反精英情绪上。在测量了所有四个维度的81个国家中，有39个国家在左右尺度无法捕捉的维度上分歧最大。大多数政治分歧存在于国家内部而非国家之间，占总方差的58%至88%。意识形态约束——长期被视为大众群体的属性——在我们可测试的83个国家中的19个中成立，在美国最强，为+0.70，且在那里集中于政治关注者中。因此，理解政治冲突需要问的不是一个社会有多极化，而是它因何而极化。我们发布的条目库和拟合参数可以将任何未来调查的受访者置于同一尺度上，无需重新估计，只要该调查的条目与条目库对齐。
英文摘要
Societies worldwide are described as increasingly polarized, yet issue polarization -- how divided a society is over political positions -- has been measured almost entirely on a single left-right axis developed in Western democracies. Whether that axis describes political division elsewhere is largely untested, because no survey measures political attitudes on multiple dimensions across many countries. Here, we harmonize 1,299 items from nine cross-national survey programs and 23 national election studies to place 1.14 million people from 141 countries on four dimensions: social liberalism, economic left-right, democratic commitment, and anti-elite sentiment. A single left-right axis does not describe political division in most of the world. The median within-country correlation between a person's social and economic positions is -0.015. Societies differ instead in what they are divided about, and they do so by region. European countries divide most often over social liberalism, East Asian and Arab countries over democratic commitment, Latin American countries over economic left-right, and African countries over anti-elite sentiment. Of the 81 countries measured on all four dimensions, 39 are most divided on a dimension no left-right scale would capture. Most political disagreement lies within countries rather than between them, at 58 to 88 percent of the variance. Ideological constraint, long treated as a property of mass publics, holds in nineteen of the eighty-three we can test, most strongly in the United States at +0.70, and there it is concentrated among the politically attentive. Understanding political conflict therefore requires asking not how polarized a society is but what it is polarized about. Our released item bank and fitted parameters place respondents from any future survey on the same scale without re-estimation, once that survey's items are harmonized to the bank.
Comments55 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables
