发表机构
Universidade Federal do Ceará(塞阿拉联邦大学)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文研究了基于诱导路径的图凸性上的 hull 博弈,证明了 $CHG_m$ 和 $CHG_{\ell_k}$ 在直径至多 3 的图中为 PSPACE-完全,并给出了路径和循环并集上的多项式时间算法,以及特定参数下的周期性和胜负条件。
AI 中文摘要
1984年,Frank Harary 首次引入了图中的凸性博弈,所有这些博弈都基于测地凸性,即与最短路径相关的图凸性。2024年,Araújo 等人获得了其中一些测地博弈的首个 PSPACE-困难性证明,并将其推广到任意图凸性。在本文中,我们研究了若干已知路径凸性上的凸性博弈:单音 $m$-凸性和 $\ell_k$-凸性,它们分别基于诱导路径和大小至多 $k$ 的诱导路径。我们证明了 hull 博弈 $CHG_{m}$ 和 $CHG_{\ell_k}$ 对于每个 $k\ge2$ 都是 PSPACE-完全的,即使在直径至多 3 的图中也是如此。我们还使用 Sprague-Grundy 理论,获得了在路径和循环的不相交并集中判定博弈 $CHG_{m}$ 和 $CHG_{\ell_k}$(对于任意 $k\ge2$)胜者的多项式时间算法。对于奇数 $k\ge3$,我们证明了 Alice(先手)在路径 $P_n$ 上赢得 $CHG_{\ell_k}$ 当且仅当 $n$ 为奇数,并且她在循环 $C_n$ 上赢得当且仅当 $n=3$ 或 $n=\alpha\cdot (k+1)-1$ 且 $\alpha\ge2$。对于偶数 $k\ge2$,通过大量计算测试获得的 $CHG_{\ell_k}$ 的周期 nimber 序列仅出现在 $k=2^h-4$(其中 $h\ge3$)时,例如 $k\in\{4,12,28,60,\ldots\}$。在这种情况下($k=2^h-4$ 且 $h\ge3$),我们证明了 $CHG_{\ell_k}$ 在 $P_n$ 和 $C_n$ 中的 nimber 序列是周期的,并且 Alice 在 $n>k$ 时仅在 $n=3k+4$(分别地,$n\in\{2k+1,5k+3\}$)时在 $P_n$(分别地,$C_n$)中失败(分别地,获胜)。最后,我们表明,对于 $k=2$,路径 $P_n$ 上的博弈 $CHG_{\ell_2}$ 与 J. H. Conway 的经典博弈“Couples-are-Forever”密切相关:nimber 序列是否周期仍然是一个开放问题,并且 Alice 仅在 $n$ 的 12 个值(直到 1000 万)时失败。
英文摘要
In 1984, Frank Harary introduced the first convexity games in graphs, all of them based on the geodesic convexity, which is the graph convexity related to shortest paths. In 2024, Araújo et al. obtained the first PSPACE-hardness proofs on some of these geodesic games and generalized them to any graph convexity. In this paper, we investigate convexity games on several known induced path convexities: the monophonic $\mathrm{m}$-convexity and the $\ell_k$-convexities, based on induced paths and on induced paths of size at most $k$. We prove that the hull games $\mathrm{CHG}_{\mathrm{m}}$, $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_k}$ and their misère variants are PSPACE-complete for every $k\ge2$ even in graphs with diameter at most 3. We also use the Sprague-Grundy Theory to obtain a polynomial time algorithm to decide the winner of the games $\mathrm{CHG}_{\mathrm{m}}$ and $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_k}$ for any $k\ge2$ in disjoint unions of paths and cycles. For $k\ge3$ odd, we prove that Alice (1st player) wins $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_k}$ in the path $P_n$ if and only if $n$ is odd and she wins in the cycle $C_n$ if and only if $n=3$ or $n=α\cdot (k+1)-1$ with $α\ge2$. For $k\ge2$ even, the only periodic nimber sequences of $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_k}$ obtained through extensive computational testing occurred for $k=2^h-4$ with $h\ge3$, e.g, $k\in\{4,12,28,60,\ldots\}$. In this case ($k=2^h-4$ with $h\ge3$), we prove that the nimber sequences of $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_k}$ in $P_n$ and in $C_n$ are periodic and Alice loses (resp. wins) in $P_n$ (resp. $C_n$) with $n>k$ only when $n=3k+4$ (resp. $n\in\{2k+1,5k+3\}$). Finally, we show that, for $k=2$, the game $\mathrm{CHG}_{\ell_2}$ in paths $P_n$ is closely related to the classical game \emph{Couples-are-Forever} of J. H. Conway: it is still an open problem if the nimber sequence is periodic or not and Alice loses only for 12 values of $n$ up to $50$ million.