发表机构
Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE) & Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Instituto de Física La Plata, CONICET-UNLP（加利西亚高能物理研究所与圣地亚哥德孔波斯特拉大学; 拉普拉塔物理研究所，阿根廷国家科学研究委员会-拉普拉塔国立大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文提出一种基于模拟的气球载射电探测器宇宙线能量重建框架，首次适用于直接掠射簇射并更新反射下行簇射重建，验证了8-11%的能量分辨率，并量化了系统效应，为PUEO等下一代任务提供稳健分析基础。
AI 中文摘要
气球载射电探测器为监测地球大气和冰层中巨大体积的超高能宇宙线和中微子提供了一种高效方法。由于这些载荷从单一、高海拔的观测点测量射电辐射，使用传统方法重建空气簇射能量是不可能的。在这项工作中，我们提出了一套全面的、基于模拟的能量重建框架，专门针对气球载荷观测到的独特宇宙线事件几何构型。我们首次将该方法调整并应用于直接大气掠射宇宙线簇射，考虑了其在稀薄空气中高度不对称的发展过程。此外，我们通过将球面反射和射线去聚焦机制直接纳入模拟，对反射下行簇射的能量重建进行了重大更新。我们严格验证了该方法在不同事件几何构型下的表现，展示了$8-11\%$的基线能量分辨率。最后，我们量化了有限探测器指向分辨率、未知初级质量组成和信噪比的系统效应，为下一代气球任务（如PUEO和POEMMA-Balloon with Radio）中宇宙线事件的分析建立了稳健框架。
英文摘要
Balloon-borne radio detectors offer a highly effective approach to monitoring immense volumes of the Earth's atmosphere and ice for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. Because these payloads measure radio emission from a single, highly elevated vantage point, reconstructing the air-shower energy using traditional methods is not possible. In this work, we present a comprehensive, simulation-based energy reconstruction framework tailored to the unique cosmic-ray event geometries observed by balloon payloads. For the first time, we adapt and apply this methodology to direct atmosphere-skimming cosmic-ray showers, accounting for their highly asymmetric development in rarefied air. Furthermore, we provide a major update to the energy reconstruction of reflected downward-going showers by incorporating spherical reflection and ray de-focusing mechanics directly into simulations. We rigorously validate the method across different event geometries, demonstrating a baseline energy resolution of $8-11\%$. Finally, we quantify the systematic effects of finite detector pointing resolution, unknown primary mass composition, and signal-to-noise ratio, establishing a robust framework for the analysis of cosmic-ray events in next-generation balloon missions such as PUEO and POEMMA-Balloon with Radio.
Comments18 pages, 18 figures
