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arXiv 2609.26785astro-ph.GA

BRIDGE巡天 I. 宇宙正午星系周介质气体的金属丰度与物理性质

The BRIDGE Survey. I. Metallicities and Physical Properties of Gas Probing the Circumgalactic Medium at Cosmic Noon

Saloni Deepak, Nicolas Lehner, J. Christopher Howk, John O'Meara, Celine Peroux, J. Xavier Prochaska

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中文总结 AI 辅助

BRIDGE-I巡天通过105个吸收体研究宇宙正午星系周介质气体,发现其金属丰度分布与低红移一致,且致密气体存在金属丰度下限,表明不同密度气体混合状态不同。

中文摘要 AI 辅助

我们介绍BRIDGE-I,一项针对宇宙正午(1≤z≤2.2)时期、探测“类星系周介质”气体(16.4≤log N_HI<20.3)的HI选择吸收体的金属丰度巡天,该时期是恒星形成和活动星系核活动的峰值时期。结合哈勃太空望远镜紫外光谱档案数据与凯克/HIRES和甚大望远镜/UVES光学光谱,我们估算了105个吸收体的金属丰度和物理条件。宇宙正午的金属丰度分布(中值[X/H]=-1.19)在统计上与z<1时的分布(-1.18)无法区分,但与z>2.2时的分布(-2.02)显著不同。这一平台期由最弥散的吸收体(16.4≤log N_HI<17.2)驱动,它们在宇宙正午时已达到z<1时的增丰水平,而较致密的吸收体仍比z<1时的对应体更贫金属,并在更晚时期继续增丰。与z>2.2时不同,没有吸收体低于[X/H]=-3.5,表明宇宙正午时不存在原始(未增丰)的类星系周介质气体。BRIDGE-I中的吸收体追踪的超密度范围为400≲δ_b≲2200,高于z>2.2时的值。不同吸收体类型的平均N_HI相差400倍,但平均总氢柱密度仅相差2.5倍,因为较高的N_HI被较高的中性分数所抵消。因此,吸收体类别在电离状态和金属丰度上有所不同,而非总气体含量。对于log N_HI>19.0的吸收体,出现了[X/H]~-2.0的金属丰度下限,表明较致密、更类似星际介质的气体作为群体已充分混合,而较弥散的气体仍保留着尚未完全混合的贫金属群体。

英文摘要

We present BRIDGE-I, a metallicity survey of \HI-selected absorbers probing ``CGM-like'' gas ($16.4\leq \log N_{\rm HI}<20.3$) at Cosmic Noon ($1\leq z \leq2.2$), the epoch of peak star formation and AGN activity. Combining archival HST UV spectra with Keck/HIRES and VLT/UVES optical spectra, we estimate metallicities and physical conditions for 105 absorbers. The Cosmic Noon metallicity distribution (median $[\rm{X/H}]=-1.19$) is statistically indistinguishable from that at $z<1$ ($-1.18$) but differs significantly from $z>2.2$ ($-2.02$). This plateau is driven by the most diffuse absorbers ($16.4\leq \log N_{\rm HI}<17.2$), which reach their $z<1$ enrichment level by Cosmic Noon, whereas denser absorbers remain more metal-poor than their $z<1$ counterparts and continue to be enriched at later times. Unlike at $z>2.2$, no absorber falls below $[\rm{X/H}]=-3.5$, indicating no pristine CGM-like gas at Cosmic Noon. Absorbers in BRIDGE-I trace overdensities of $400\lesssim δ_b\lesssim2200$, higher than at $z>2.2$. Mean $N_{\rm HI}$ differs by a factor of 400 across absorber types, but mean total hydrogen column by only 2.5, as higher $N_{\rm HI}$ is offset by a higher neutral fraction. The absorber classes thus differ in ionization state and metallicity rather than the total gas content. A metallicity floor of $[\rm{X/H}]\sim-2.0$ emerges for $\log N_{\rm HI}>19.0$ absorbers, indicating that denser, more ISM-like gas is well mixed as a population, while more diffuse gas retains a metal-poor population that is not yet fully mixed.

发表机构

  • University of Notre Dame(圣母大学)
  • W.M. Keck Observatory(W.M.凯克天文台)
  • European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台)
  • Aix Marseille Université(艾克斯-马赛大学)
  • CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心)
  • Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille(马赛天体物理学实验室)
  • University of California(加利福尼亚大学)
  • UCO/Lick Observatory(加州大学/利克天文台)
  • Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe(Kavli宇宙物理与数学研究所)
  • National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)

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