发表机构
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration; NASA Ames Research Center; Cornell University; Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité; Technische Universität Graz（NASA戈达德太空飞行中心; Sellers系外行星环境合作组织; NASA艾姆斯研究中心; 康奈尔大学; 巴黎天文台，巴黎文理研究大学，法国国家科学研究中心，索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学; 格拉茨工业大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究为宜居世界天文台提出八种系外行星巡天策略，利用AYO和EXOSIMS模拟计算产出，发现0.9微米H2O观测最优，产出29.1，并评估了多气体表征的权衡。
AI 中文摘要
我们针对宜居世界天文台（Habitable Worlds Observatory, HWO）的初始系外地球探测与表征巡天阶段，提出了从行星探测到表征的一系列可能观测序列（即巡天策略）。HWO系外行星巡天策略任务组汇集了多种巡天策略；通过调查和比较多种巡天策略的预期系外地球产出，我们可以更好地理解以非常规方式表征多颗行星的最有效策略。我们提出了八种不同的巡天策略，以探测、测光、轨道测量和/或表征的步骤呈现，并讨论了每种策略可能的缺点和优点。我们展示了使用利他产出优化器（Altruistic Yield Optimizer, AYO）和系外行星开源成像任务模拟器（Exoplanet Open-Source Imaging Mission Simulator, EXOSIMS）对选定策略进行的系外地球产出计算，并初步考虑了热辐射和探测器噪声。在此，产出是在天体物理假设下，满足巡天期间观测标准的行星数量的期望值。我们发现AYO和EXOSIMS在0.9微米处的H2O产出最高，尽管计算出的产出有所不同。当允许在AYO内进行波长优化时，我们发现，在给定的全部可见光（VIS）和近红外（NIR）值范围内，H2O在0.9微米处观测最为理想，预期系外地球产出为29.1。H2O和O2的双重表征是可能的，但以损失部分行星产出为代价，在可见光下计算出的可能产出为20.9。在近红外中表征CH4和CO2产生的系外地球产出最低，分别为19.9和6.4个可能的预期行星。未来需要更新AYO和EXOSIMS，以探索遵循不同观测程序的进一步巡天策略，其中一些工作目前正在进行中。
英文摘要
We present a variety of possible observational sequences from planet detection to characterization (i.e., survey strategies) for the initial exoEarth detection and characterization survey phase of the Habitable Worlds Observatory. An array of survey strategies were collated by the HWO Exoplanet Survey Strategies Task Group; by investigating and comparing expected resultant exoEarth yields for multiple survey strategies, we can better understand the most efficient strategy to characterize multiple planets in unconventional ways. We present eight varied survey strategies, presented as steps of Detection, Photometry, Orbit Measurement, and/or Characterization, including discussion of possible shortcomings and benefits of each strategy. We present exoEarth yield calculations from the Altruistic Yield Optimizer (AYO) and the Exoplanet Open-Source Imaging Mission Simulator (EXOSIMS) for select strategies, with initial considerations of thermal emission and detector noise. Herein, a yield is the expectation value given the astrophysical assumptions of the number of planets that meet the observational criteria during the survey. We find that AYO and EXOSIMS find the highest yields for H2O at 0.9 microns, although the calculated yields vary. When allowing for wavelength optimization within AYO, we find that H2O is most optimal to observe at 0.9 microns when given the full range of VIS and NIR values, with an expected exoEarth yield of 29.1. H2O and O2 dual characterization is possible at the expense of yield planet loss, with a calculated possible yield of 20.9 in the VIS. The characterization of CH4 and CO2 in the NIR result in the lowest exoEarth yields at 19.9 and 6.4 possible expected planets, respectively. Future work updating AYO and EXOSIMS is necessary to explore further survey strategies that follow different observation procedures, some of which is currently underway.
Comments38 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (JATIS) HWO Special Edition
