发表机构
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna; INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（博洛尼亚大学; 意大利国家天体物理研究所; 阿切特里天文台; 格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所; 宇宙黎明中心）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文介绍CRIMSONS，首个在线化学增丰建模工具，自洽整合随机IMF采样、核合成产额不确定性和PopIII预增丰，通过封闭箱模型量化这些因素对预测丰度模式的影响。
AI 中文摘要
化学增丰是一个普遍过程，受多个相互关联的因素影响，包括恒星反馈、化学污染源的性质以及恒星质量的潜在分布。在化学演化模型中，有三个关键要素往往难以同时处理：恒星IMF的随机采样、恒星核合成产额的不确定性，以及来自原始PopIII恒星的预增丰。在低恒星形成率环境中，不完整的IMF采样使得增丰对大规模超新星前身星的随机存在或缺失变得敏感。在此，我们介绍CRIMSONS，这是第一个旨在自洽地整合这三个要素来模拟化学增丰的在线工具。该框架允许用户探索不同的IMF、恒星族群质量和金属丰度，以及多套恒星产额。它跟踪单个恒星的演化，并追踪30种元素（H-Zn），包括来自超新星、AGB恒星和Ia型超新星的贡献。当前实现采用封闭箱模型框架，忽略气体流动和空间混合，从而提供一个受控设置，以隔离IMF采样、恒星产额和PopIII预增丰的影响。利用CRIMSONS，我们表明不完整的IMF采样会产生较大的丰度离散，特别是在低质量恒星族群中。不同的产额方案引入了依赖元素的变化，而某些丰度比在不同模型中保持相对稳健。最后，将包含原始增丰的模型与仅采用金属丰度下限的模型进行比较，表明PopIII预增丰可以显著影响后续的化学演化。因此，CRIMSONS提供了一个受控框架，用于量化随机IMF采样、核合成不确定性和原始预增丰对预测丰度模式的相对影响。
英文摘要
Chemical enrichment is a universal process shaped by several interconnected factors, including stellar feedback, the nature of chemical polluters, and the underlying distribution of stellar masses. Three key ingredients are often difficult to treat simultaneously in chemical-evolution models: the stochastic sampling of the stellar IMF, uncertainties in stellar nucleosynthesis yields, and pre-enrichment from primordial PopIII stars. In low star-formation rate environments, incomplete IMF sampling makes enrichment sensitive to the random presence or absence of massive supernova progenitors. Here, we present CRIMSONS, the first online tool designed to model chemical enrichment while self-consistently incorporating these three ingredients. The framework allows users to explore different IMFs, stellar population masses and metallicities, and multiple stellar yield sets. It follows the evolution of individual stars and tracks 30 elements(H-Zn), including contributions from SN, AGB stars, and TypeIa SNe. The current implementation adopts a closed-box framework, neglecting gas flows and spatial mixing, thus providing a controlled setup to isolate the effects of IMF sampling, stellar yields, and PopIII pre-enrichment. With CRIMSONS, we show that incomplete IMF sampling produces large abundance scatter, particularly in low-mass stellar populations. Different yield prescriptions introduce element-dependent variations, while some abundance ratios remain comparatively robust across models. Finally, comparison between models including primordial enrichment and those adopting only a metallicity floor shows that PopIII pre-enrichment can significantly affect subsequent chemical evolution. CRIMSONS therefore provides a controlled framework for quantifying the relative impact of stochastic IMF sampling, nucleosynthetic uncertainties, and primordial pre-enrichment on predicted abundance patterns
