AI 中文总结
本文综述实验与格点QCD的互补研究，涵盖状态方程、输运性质、涨落及临界点搜寻，强调对照动态系统时的局限，并展望未来对撞机计划带来的定量检验机遇。
AI 中文摘要
相对论性重离子碰撞为在极端温度和密度下研究强相互作用物质提供了独特的实验机会，而格点量子色动力学（QCD）则为在非微扰区域研究此类物质的平衡性质提供了一种第一性原理方法。因此，实验与格点QCD之间的相互作用已成为确立QCD物质性质与相结构的核心。本文讨论了这一联系尤为富有信息量的若干领域，包括QCD状态方程及其在重离子碰撞流体动力学描述中的作用、夸克-胶子等离子体的输运性质、守恒荷涨落及其与实验累积量的关系，以及正在进行的对QCD相图中临界点的搜寻。特别关注了将平衡态格点计算与重离子碰撞中产生的有限、动态且受实验约束的系统相对照时所涉及的局限性。近期发展日益允许在更宽的温度和重子化学势范围内对QCD热力学进行定量检验。RHIC和LHC的持续实验计划，连同未来在FAIR、NICA和电子-离子对撞机上的测量，为格点QCD、唯象学和实验之间日益紧密的相互作用提供了重要机遇。
英文摘要
Relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a unique experimental opportunity to study strongly interacting matter at extreme temperature and density, while lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) offers a first-principles approach to the equilibrium properties of such matter in the non-perturbative regime. The interplay between experiment and lattice QCD has therefore become central to establishing the properties and phase structure of QCD matter. Selected areas where this connection is particularly informative are discussed, including the QCD equation of state and its role in hydrodynamic descriptions of heavy-ion collisions, transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma, conserved-charge fluctuations and their relation to experimental cumulants, and the ongoing search for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Particular attention is given to the limitations involved in confronting equilibrium lattice calculations with the finite, dynamical and experimentally constrained systems produced in heavy-ion collisions. Recent developments increasingly allow quantitative tests of QCD thermodynamics over an extended range of temperature and baryon chemical potential. The continuing experimental programmes at RHIC and the LHC, together with future measurements at FAIR, NICA and the Electron-Ion Collider, provide important opportunities for an increasingly close interplay between lattice QCD, phenomenology and experiment.
Comments15 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings of 42nd International Symposiumon Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2025)
