发表机构
Mutah University(穆塔赫大学)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文证明图的均衡色数在顶点数足够大时由色数控制,仅通过 $\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta}$ 依赖于最大度,并给出构造性上下界,确定增长阶为 $\Theta(\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta})$。
AI 中文摘要
图的均衡 $k$-染色将其顶点集划分为 $k$ 个独立集,这些独立集的大小至多相差一;最小的这样的 $k$ 称为均衡色数 $\chie(G)$。从 Hajnal--Szemerédi 定理开始,所有已知的对所有图都成立的 $\chie$ 的界都是关于最大度 $\Delta$ 线性的,而星图 $K_{1,\Delta}$,其 $\chie=\ceil{\Delta/2}+1$,表明不存在低于 $\Delta/2$ 的一般界。我们证明这个障碍是顶点数量的短缺而非度的影响:每个满足 $|V(G)|\ge3\chi(G)\Delta$ 的图在 $\chi(G)\le(\Delta/\ln\Delta)^{1/3}$ 范围内都满足 $\chie(G)=O\bigl(\chi(G)^{3/2}\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta}\bigr)$,因此对于大阶图,度仅通过 $\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta}$ 进入,其余部分由色数决定。对于每个固定的 $\ell$,足够大阶的 $\ell$-可染色图满足 $\chie\le\bigl(2\sqrt2\\,\ell\sqrt{\ell-1}+o(1)\bigr)\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta}$,而一个概率构造提供了任意大阶的图,当 $\ell=2$ 时为二部图,满足 $\chie\ge\tfrac13\sqrt{(\ell-1)\Delta/\ln\Delta}$:增长阶 $\Theta\bigl(\sqrt{\Delta/\ln\Delta}\bigr)$ 对每个固定色数是精确的,极值常数在因子 $O(\chi(G))$ 内确定。所有上界都是构造性的,并且构造的一个指定锚点变体在最优线性时间内产生具有 $O(\sqrt\Delta)$ 种颜色的二部图的均衡染色。
英文摘要
An equitable $k$-coloring of a graph partitions its vertex set into $k$ independent sets whose sizes differ by at most one; the least such $k$ is the equitable chromatic number $\chie(G)$. Every known bound on $\chie$ valid for all graphs, beginning with the Hajnal--Szemerédi theorem, is linear in the maximum degree $Δ$, and the star $K_{1,Δ}$, for which $\chie=\ceil{Δ/2}+1$, shows that no general bound below $Δ/2$ exists. We prove that this obstruction is a shortage of vertices rather than an effect of the degree: every graph with $|V(G)|\ge3χ(G)Δ$ satisfies $\chie(G)=O\bigl(χ(G)^{3/2}\sqrt{Δ/\lnΔ}\bigr)$ throughout the range $χ(G)\le(Δ/\lnΔ)^{1/3}$, so that for graphs of large order the degree enters only through $\sqrt{Δ/\lnΔ}$, with the chromatic number governing the rest. For each fixed $\ell$, $\ell$-colorable graphs of sufficiently large order satisfy $\chie\le\bigl(2\sqrt2\,\ell\sqrt{\ell-1}+o(1)\bigr)\sqrt{Δ/\lnΔ}$, while a probabilistic construction supplies graphs of arbitrarily large order, bipartite when $\ell=2$, with $\chie\ge\tfrac13\sqrt{(\ell-1)Δ/\lnΔ}$: the order of growth $Θ\bigl(\sqrt{Δ/\lnΔ}\bigr)$ is exact for every fixed chromatic number, and the extremal constant is determined up to a factor $O(χ(G))$. All upper bounds are constructive, and a prescribed-anchor variant of the construction produces equitable colorings of bipartite graphs with $O(\sqrtΔ)$ colors in optimal linear time.