发表机构
Rice University; Los Alamos National Laboratory（莱斯大学; 洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究通过三维AMR流体动力学模拟，发现PDS 70 c的环行星盘对尘埃有强尺寸过滤，仅小颗粒可吸积，但足以在数百万年内形成卫星系统，且毫米波观测需考虑更大尘埃质量。
AI 中文摘要
环行星盘（CPD）如何捕获并保留固体物质，对于限定岩石卫星形成的时间尺度以及解释巨行星周围的亚毫米连续谱观测至关重要。在此，我们以PDS 70为基准实例，研究气体和尘埃从星周盘向环行星盘的输运过程。基于观测驱动的参数，我们进行了高分辨率三维自适应网格细化（AMR）流体动力学模拟，并包含多流体尘埃组分，以研究尘埃向质量为1 $M_\mathrm{J}$和2.5 $M_\mathrm{J}$的行星的吸积。我们发现，间隙边缘的压力极大值施加了强烈的、依赖于尺寸的尘埃过滤，大幅降低了吸积流中的固体含量。吸积到行星上的物质的净尘埃-气体质量比相对于外盘降低了约两个数量级。只有小颗粒（对于1 $M_\mathrm{J}$情形，$\lesssim 61 \mu$m；对于2.5 $M_\mathrm{J}$情形，$\lesssim 10 \mu$m）才能有效地吸积到环行星盘上。尽管存在这种过滤，我们表明，小颗粒的持续流入仍能在几百万年内输送足够的质量，以构建观测到的PDS 70 c环行星盘或类似伽利略卫星的系统。由于质量更大的行星更有效地阻止大颗粒的吸积，到达环行星盘的尘埃以小颗粒为主，这些颗粒具有较低的毫米波不透明度。因此，在没有颗粒生长的情况下，解释大质量巨行星周围环行星盘的毫米连续谱测量可能需要假设比通常认为的更大的总尘埃质量。
英文摘要
How circumplanetary disks (CPDs) capture and retain solids is central to constraining the timescale for formation of rocky satellites and interpreting submillimeter continuum observations around giant planets. Here, we investigate the transport of gas and dust from the circumstellar disk into the CPD, using PDS 70 as our fiducial example. Based on observation-driven parameters, we perform high-resolution 3D adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) hydrodynamic simulations including a multifluid dust component to study dust accretion onto planets with masses of 1 $M_\mathrm{J}$ and 2.5 $M_\mathrm{J}$. We find that the pressure maximum at the gap edge imposes strong, size-dependent dust filtration, drastically lowering the solid content of the accreting flow. The net dust-to-gas mass ratio of the material accreting onto the planet is reduced by roughly two orders of magnitude relative to the outer disk. Only small grains ($\lesssim 61 μ$m for the 1 $M_\mathrm{J}$ case and $\lesssim 10 μ$m for the 2.5 $M_\mathrm{J}$ case) are able to accrete efficiently onto the CPD. Despite this filtering, we show that a continuous inflow of small grains can still deliver sufficient mass to build the observed PDS 70 c CPD or a Galilean-like satellite system within a few million years. Because more massive planets more effectively prevent the accretion of large grains, the dust that reaches the CPD is dominated by small particles with low millimeter-wave opacities. Consequently, in the absence of grain growth, interpreting millimeter continuum measurements of CPDs around massive giant planets may require invoking larger total dust masses than typically assumed.
Comments33 pages, 17 Figures
