故障类别匹配的测试预言机用于输出不可见的量子转译器回归
Fault-Class-Matched Test Oracles for Output-Invisible Quantum Transpiler Regressions
- City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT)（城市科学与技术大学）
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST-NUCES)（国家计算机与新兴科学大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
中文总结 AI 辅助
针对量子转译器回归中输出不可见故障，提出故障类别匹配的预言机家族，涵盖布局元数据、全局相位和可重复性，在真实回归和突变体上达到高敏感性与特异性，且成本低。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
量子转译器的测试预言机通常通过将编译输出与参考进行比较来判断正确性：参考可以是状态向量、采样分布或模全局相位比较的酉矩阵。一项配套的实证研究衡量了这种选择失败的频率。在合并的Qiskit转译器错误修复中，约有28%（95% Wilson置信区间19-40%）修复的故障会破坏布局元数据、全局相位或运行间可重复性，而输出仍然正确：从构造上对这些故障，黑盒输出等价预言机不可见。本文通过一个故障类别匹配、布局感知、宽度分层的预言机家族来弥补这一差距：一个布局/置换契约检查器和用于元数据通道的契约级蜕变关系（MR-1），一个用于相位通道的全局相位跟踪器，以及一个用于可重复性的确定性运行器。在九个真实的、已合并的Qiskit转译器回归（每个通道三个）上从源代码验证，输出等价预言机在所有情况下均失效，而匹配的机制在每个案例上均触发。对契约/元数据不变量的675配置扫描未发现误报。合成突变体家族确认了大规模可靠性：契约/元数据和全局相位通道各自在36个突变体上达到1.00的敏感性和特异性，可重复性在三个可构造突变的电路上达到1.00的敏感性（95%置信区间0.44-1.00）。契约检查器的成本比普通输出检查低两到六个数量级，全局相位跟踪器在其精确层级内成本相当低，只有蜕变关系带来有界成本。原生移植到pytket/tket后，全局相位机制干净地转移，以双精度精度恢复相位，得到相同的1.00/1.00结果，证明这不是Qiskit特有的伪影。
英文摘要
Test oracles for quantum transpilers typically judge correctness by comparing compiled output against a reference: a statevector, a sampled distribution, or a unitary compared modulo global phase. A companion empirical study measures how often that choice fails. Roughly 28% of merged Qiskit transpiler bug-fixes (95% Wilson CI 19-40%) repair a fault that corrupts layout metadata, global phase, or run-to-run reproducibility while output stays correct: invisible to a black-box output-equivalence oracle by construction. This paper closes that gap with a fault-class-matched, layout-aware, width-tiered oracle family: a layout/permutation contract checker and a contract-level metamorphic relation (MR-1) for the metadata channel, a global-phase tracker for the phase channel, and a determinism runner for reproducibility. Verified from source on nine real, merged Qiskit transpiler regressions (three per channel), the output-equivalence oracle is blind throughout and the matched mechanism fires on every case. A 675-configuration sweep of the contract/metadata invariant finds no false positive. Synthetic mutant families confirm reliability at scale: 1.00 sensitivity and specificity across 36 mutants apiece for the contract/metadata and global-phase channels, and 1.00 sensitivity (95% CI 0.44-1.00) for reproducibility on the three circuits where the mutation is constructible. The contract checker costs two to six orders of magnitude less than a plain output check, the global-phase tracker is comparably cheap within its exact tier, and only the metamorphic relation carries a bounded cost. Ported natively to pytket/tket, the global-phase mechanism transfers cleanly, an identical 1.00/1.00 result with phases recovered to double-precision accuracy, evidence against a Qiskit-specific artifact.
