AI 中文总结
本研究将碳感知量子计算框架从平台级扩展至服务级，基于超导量子计算机的LCA发现其五年足迹达583-10,570吨CO2e且隐含碳占主导，为量子云服务提供商提供利用率、寿命和电力供应等优化杠杆。
AI 中文摘要
与经典基础设施相比，量子计算的环境足迹仍未被充分理解，且随着量子计算向云交付模式发展，量子云服务（QCS）提供商在平台级碳核算框架之外缺乏可操作的指导。目标：本研究将碳感知量子计算（CQC）框架从平台级扩展至服务级模型，将超导量子计算机的经验性生命周期评估（LCA）结果转化为对QCS提供商的指导。方法：我们基于对超导量子平台进行的从摇篮到坟墓的LCA所获得的结果，通过服务级隐含碳分配、负载无关与负载成比例的运行分解以及工作负载解析的应用抵消来建模CQC框架。结果：五年足迹为583吨二氧化碳当量（GKP码）和10,570吨（表面码），其中隐含碳占主导（77.3%-85.2%），运行与隐含碳的平衡点需17.0-28.7年才能达到，而经典对比系统仅为2.7年。这重新排序了提供商的杠杆：利用率带来最大收益（19.7倍），其次是服务寿命延长（59.9%）和电力供应（6.5倍），而运行效率和可再生能源采购提供的杠杆有限。结论：超导量子计算机在结构上以隐含碳为主导，颠覆了经典的可持续性直觉，并促使在量子基础设施扩展时进行直接功率测量和跨架构验证。
英文摘要
Quantum computing's environmental footprint remains poorly understood relative to classical infrastructure, and as quantum computing moves toward cloud delivery, Quantum Cloud Service (QCS) providers lack actionable guidance beyond platform-level carbon-accounting frameworks. Objective: This study extends the carbon-aware quantum computing (CQC) framework from a platform-level to a service-level model that translates empirical life cycle assessment (LCA) findings of a superconducting quantum computer into guidance for QCS providers. Method: We modeled the CQC framework via service-level embodied-carbon allocation, load-independent and load-proportional operational decomposition, and a workload-resolved application offset on the basis of results acquired through a cradle-to-grave LCA of a superconducting quantum platform. Results: The five-year footprint is 583 t CO2e (GKP) and 10,570 t (surface-code), dominated by embodied carbon (77.3-85.2%), with operational-embodied parity not reached until 17.0-28.7 years versus 2.7 years for classical comparators. This reorders provider levers: utilisation yields the largest gain (19.7x), followed by service life extension (59.9%) and electricity supply (6.5x), while operational efficiency and renewable procurement offer limited leverage. Conclusion: Superconducting quantum computers are structurally embodied-carbon-dominated, inverting classical sustainability intuition and motivating direct power measurement and cross-architecture validation as quantum infrastructure scales.
