发表机构
Wilhelm Büchner Hochschule（威廉·布赫纳大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文综述热释电效应的历史发展与物理原理，涵盖从古代观察到现代晶体学描述，并区分初级与次级效应，强调其在红外探测和铁电材料中的复兴。
AI 中文摘要
本文论述了热释电效应的历史发展及其物理机制，这一现象的历史根源可追溯至2000多年前的古代。本文面向学生和工程师，作为该领域的简明入门介绍。尽管泰奥弗拉斯托斯（Theophrastus）已描述了受热电气石产生的吸引效应，但科学的系统化直到18世纪才由Aepinus和Canton等研究者完成，他们识别出由温度变化引起的电极化效应。本文着重展示了从早期与磁性的类比到Haüy和Thomson的现代晶体学描述的路径。在物理部分，热释电效应被定义为各向异性固体中自发极化对温度的依赖性。在微观层面，原胞的永久偶极矩被描述为各单个偶极矩的矢量和。文中数学上证明了宏观自发极化与表面电荷密度相关，并通过热释电系数与温度变化相联系。文中区分了初级热释电效应和由晶体热形变导致的次级效应。最后，强调了该研究领域在20世纪通过现代红外探测器和铁电材料的发展而复兴。
英文摘要
This paper deals with the historical development and physical mechanisms of pyroelectricity, a phe-nomenon whose roots date back over 2000 years to ancient times. This paper is aimed at students and engineers as a concise introduction to the subject area. While the attractive effect of heated tourma-line was already described by Theophrastus, scientific systematization did not occur until the 18th century by researchers, such as Aepinus and Canton, who identified the effect of electrical polarization resulting from temperature changes. This essay highlights the path from early analogies to magnetism to the modern crystallographic description by Haüy and Thomson. In the physics section, pyroelectricity is defined as the temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization in anisotropic solids. At the microscopic level, the permanent dipole moment of an elementary cell is described by the vector sum of individual moments. It is mathematically demonstrated that the macroscopic spontaneous polarization correlates with the surface charge density and is linked to the temperature change via the pyroelectric cofficient. A distinction was made between the primary pyroelectric effect and the secondary effect resulting from the thermal deformation of the crystal. Finally, the renaissance of this field of research through the development of modern infrared detectors and ferroelectric materials in the 20th century was highlighted.
Comments10 pages, 2 figures, essential info
