当集成光子学应该是波浪形的时候
When Integrated Photonics Should Be Wavy
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- ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文探讨了波浪形（灰度）集成光子器件在何时及为何优于二元器件，表明其在干涉仪中误差降低五倍、带宽达300纳米，但在需高折射率对比的光子晶体和纳米腔中二元轮廓更优。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
对高性能光学器件的日益增长的需求推动了对改进制造和设计范式的探索。虽然光子电路传统上使用具有两个离散“二元”高度水平的结构，但灰度“波浪”界面，或光学傅里叶表面，最近已成为可能。它们提供了对控制光学响应的傅里叶分量的精确控制。这种能力提出了一个问题：波浪形器件何时能提高性能，为什么？在这里，我们表明波浪形集成处理器比二元模拟器具有更高的精度和效率。逆向设计的波浪形干涉仪具有设计自由度，可以最小化向自由空间的散射和背向反射。它们的传输误差比二元对应物低五倍，并支持高达300纳米的带宽。我们将这些发现形式化，用于其他不同的集成器件，如光子晶体、纳米腔和光束发射器。傅里叶光学分析确定了一个权衡：波浪形轮廓更精确地操纵光，而二元轮廓在相互作用强度方面表现出色。因此，定制的波浪形轮廓发射高质量的光束。然而，在光子晶体和纳米腔中，二元轮廓仍然更可取，因为那里需要最大的折射率对比度，并且二值化引起的高次谐波是无害的。因此，对于量子信息、光学计算和传感，光学傅里叶表面为小型化集成电路提供了一条提高性能的途径。
英文摘要
Increasing demand for high-performance optical devices drives the search for improved fabrication and design paradigms. While photonic circuits have traditionally used structures with two discrete 'binary' height levels, grayscale 'wavy' interfaces, or optical Fourier surfaces, have recently become possible. They provide precise control over the Fourier components that govern the optical response. This capability raises the question: When does a wavy device improve performance and why? Here, we show that wavy integrated processors exhibit superior accuracy and efficiency to binary analogs. Inverse-designed wavy interferometers have the design freedom to minimize outscattering to free space and backreflections. They reach a five-fold lower transmission error than binary counterparts and enable bandwidths up to 300 nm. We formalize these findings for other distinct integrated devices, such as photonic crystals, nanocavities, and beam emitters. A Fourier-optics analysis identifies a trade-off: wavy profiles manipulate light more accurately, whereas binary profiles excel in interaction strength. As such, tailored wavy profiles emit high-quality beams. However, binary profiles remain preferable in photonic crystals and nanocavities, where maximal index contrast is required and binarization-induced higher harmonics are benign. Thus, for quantum information, optical computing, and sensing, optical Fourier surfaces offer a route to miniaturized integrated circuits with improved performance.
