人们会对标注为人类的竞争对手升级投入，而对标注为优化机器的对手有所保留
People escalate against a competitor labelled human and hold back against one labelled an optimising machine
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）
- Singularity AI（奇点人工智能）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本研究通过预注册实验区分对手效应与信息效应，发现仅告知对手为人类或优化机器即可显著改变竞争升级行为，表明描述AI对手并非行为中性。
AI中文摘要：
人们越来越多地与AI智能体而非人类对手竞争。我们区分两种渠道：对手效应和信息效应。这是两个不同的要素，具有不同的后果：对手效应特定于给定的计算系统，而信息效应则是组织或政策制定者可以控制的信息环境的属性。我们在一项预注册实验（N = 1,395）中，使用动态全支付拍卖（一种重复竞赛，其中承诺升级源于激励）将它们分离开来。参与者被告知的关于对手的信息（人类、训练来模仿人类的AI，或训练来擅长竞争的AI）被变化，并与他们实际面对的对象交叉，采用无欺骗的设计。人们被告知的信息影响升级：当对手可能是人类时，中位价格上升6.7点；当对手可能是优化机器时，中位价格下降8.8点，这仅由信息产生的差距约为竞赛奖品价值的15%。与AI智能体竞争会降低价格，但减少双方都以正收益结束的机会，显示出对手渠道的独特效应。信息效应不能由明确的策略或个人差异解释，并且与当人类是活的可能性时引发的竞争反应一致。这表明描述AI竞争对手并非行为上中立的。
英文摘要：
People increasingly compete against AI agents rather than other human opponents. We distinguish two channels: an opponent effect and an information effect. These are different elements with different consequences: the opponent effect is specific to a given computational system, the information effect a property of the information environment that an organisation or policymaker can control. We separate them in a preregistered experiment (N = 1,395) using a dynamic all-pay auction, a repeated contest in which escalation of commitment arises from the incentives. What participants are told about the opponent (human, an AI trained to imitate people, or an AI trained to compete well) is varied and crossed with who they actually face, in a deception-free design. What people are told influences escalation: the median price rises by 6.7 points when a human might be the opponent and falls by 8.8 when an optimising machine might be, a spread of about 15% of the prize value of the competition, produced by information alone. Competing against the AI agents lowers prices, yet reduces the chance that both sides finish with positive earnings, showing distinct effects of the opponent channel. The information effect is not explained by articulated strategy, or individual differences, and is consistent with a competitive response engaged when a human is a live possibility. This shows that describing an AI competitor is not behaviourally neutral.
