Gaia方法论文：一种在Gaia时间序列中检测耀斑事件的算法
Gaia method paper: an algorithm to detect flare events in Gaia time-series
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文提出一种利用Gaia多波段测光数据检测恒星耀斑的算法，应用于gdr3_rotmod星表，检测到3217次耀斑事件，并估计了部分耀斑的温度，为未来耀斑星表奠定基础。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
第三次Gaia数据发布（GDR3）包含了gdr3_rotmod星表，其中记录了474026颗恒星的变化，这些变化归因于类似于太阳上观测到的磁活动，由黑子和光斑引起的旋转调制产生。因此，这些恒星预期会表现出由磁重联过程驱动的耀斑活动。我们旨在证明，在Gaia稀疏采样的光度时间序列中，可以可靠地识别和表征恒星耀斑。我们开发并验证了一个专门的耀斑检测流程，该流程利用了$G$、$G_{\rm BP}$和$G_{\rm RP}$波段的同步多波段测光数据。该算法识别与亮度同时增加和恒星颜色变蓝相关的异常值，并应用一致性标准来区分真实耀斑事件与仪器或校准伪影。将此方法应用于gdr3_rotmod星表，我们在474026颗分析源中的2818颗恒星上检测到3217次耀斑。所有事件连同其光度振幅一起提供在一个专门的星表中。对于348次耀斑的子集，我们使用黑体近似估计了有效温度，并识别出29次振幅$A(G)\ge0.75$星等的超级耀斑，这些耀斑优先发生在M矮星中。尽管Gaia的时间采样稀疏，但我们的结果表明，其多波段测光和分光光度信息能够实现对耀斑的稳健检测以及对其性质的全天恒星样本基本表征。这项工作为未来Gaia耀斑星表奠定了方法论基础，并与Kepler和TESS等高节奏任务一起，提供了恒星耀斑活动的均匀、互补视图。
英文摘要
The third Gaia data release (GDR3) includes the gdr3_rotmod catalogue of 474026 stars with variability that is attributed to magnetic activity analogous to that observed in the Sun, arising from rotational modulation induced by spots and faculae. These stars are therefore expected to exhibit flaring activity driven by magnetic reconnection processes. We aim to demonstrate that stellar flares can be reliably identified and characterised in the sparsely sampled \gaia\ photometric time series. We developed and validated a dedicated flare-detection pipeline that exploits the simultaneous multi-band photometry in the $G$, $G_{\rm BP}$, and $G_{\rm RP}$ bands. The algorithm identifies outliers associated with a concurrent increase in brightness and blueing of the stellar colour, and applies consistency criteria to distinguish genuine flare events from instrumental or calibration artefacts. Applying this method to the gdr3_rotmod catalogue, we detect 3217 flares occurring on 2818 stars out of 474026 analysed sources. All events are provided in a dedicated catalogue together with their photometric amplitudes. For a subset of 348 flares, we estimate an effective temperature using a black-body approximation, and we identify 29 hyper-flares with amplitudes $A(G)\ge0.75$ mag, which occur preferentially in M dwarfs. Despite the sparse temporal sampling of Gaia, our results demonstrate that its multi-band photometry and spectrophotometric information enable the robust detection of flares and the basic characterisation of their properties across an all-sky stellar sample. This work establishes the methodological foundation for future Gaia flare catalogues and provides a homogeneous, complementary view of stellar flaring activity alongside high-cadence missions such as Kepler and TESS.
发表机构
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡塔尼亚天文台）
- University of Catania, Astrophysics Section, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy（卡塔尼亚大学天体物理系）
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva（日内瓦大学天文学系）
- Sednai Sàrl（Sednai有限公司）
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