两个PAMGuard三维定位器对鲸类叫声定位的大误差未被报告
Unreported large errors from two PAMGuard three-dimensional localizers of whale calls
- University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本文揭示了PAMGuard两种三维定位器在鲸类叫声定位中，在现实误差条件下可产生高达10^14米的巨大未报告误差，并与可靠方法对比。
AI中文摘要：
基于接收器之间到达时间差（TDOA）的海洋哺乳动物叫声定位的置信区间（CIL），取决于TDOA误差、接收器位置、时钟、声速和定位方法。当这些误差极小时，模拟显示，在五个接收器水平间距1000米、垂直间距150米的配置下，对于喙鲸和抹香鲸的咔哒声，若声源位于1000×1000×1000立方米区域内，PAMGuard的3D单纯形定位器的定位误差很小。声速的现实不确定性高达±10米/秒时，定位误差可达10^14米。当时钟由原子标准维持，并采用实验开始和结束时同步测量来校正TDOA的常见做法时，定位误差可达10^4米。当接收器位置不确定度分别为10米和40米时，发现误差分别可达10^2米和10^3米。PAMGuard的3D双曲定位器的误差几乎不受上述不确定性的影响，即使模拟误差极小，其定位误差也高达约10^4米。PAMGuard 3D定位误差的原因未知。本文将这些算法与另一种旨在提供可靠CIL的方法进行了简要比较。
英文摘要：
Confidence intervals of location (CIL) of calling marine mammals, derived from time-differences-of-arrival (TDOA) between receivers, depend on errors of TDOAs, receiver location, clocks, sound speeds, and location method. When these errors are minuscule, simulations yield small errors of PAMGuard's 3D simplex localizer when click sounds of beaked and sperm whales originate in a 1000 x 1000 x 1000 $\mbox{m}^3$ region using five receivers having horizontal and vertical separations of 1000 m and 150 m respectively. Realistic uncertainties of sound speed up to $\pm 10$ m/s lead to errors up to $10^{14}$ m. With clocks maintained by atomic standards and common practice of correcting TDOA from synchronization measurements at the start and end of an experiment, errors of location are up to $10^{4}$ m. Errors up to $10^2$ and $10^3$ m are found when the receiver's locations are uncertain within 10 and 40 m respectively. Errors of PAMGuard's 3D hyperbolic localizer are almost independent of the above uncertainties, yielding errors of location up to about $10^4$ m even when simulated errors are minuscule. Causes of PAMGuard's 3D location errors are unknown. These algorithms are briefly compared to another method designed to yield a reliable CIL.
