广义部分子分布：理论与实验的相遇
Generalized parton distributions: Theory meets experiment
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文综述了广义部分子分布（GPDs）在理论、实验和格点QCD方面的最新进展，涵盖硬排他过程测量、唯象分析、微扰修正及能量-动量张量研究，实现三维核子断层成像。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
在过去的三十年中，广义部分子分布（GPDs）已成为核子结构和量子色动力学（QCD）研究中最活跃和最重要的领域之一。自二十年前上一次全面综述以来，在硬排他过程的实验测量方面取得了实质性进展，例如深度虚康普顿散射和近阈值 $J/\psi$ 产生，以及对GPDs日益复杂的唯象分析，这些分析使得三维核子断层成像成为可能。在微扰系数函数、尺度演化以及运动学和幂次修正方面的理论进展显著提高了GPD唯象学的精度，同时探索了用于探测GPDs的新硬排他过程。更有趣的是，格点QCD现在可以通过大动量展开直接访问固定部分子动量分数 $x$ 和歪斜度 $\xi$ 下的GPDs，此外还能进行其矩或广义形状因子的传统计算。在探索QCD能量-动量张量方面也取得了重要进展，该张量编码了关于核子质量分布、完整自旋结构以及作用于夸克和胶子的动量流和色-洛伦兹力的空间分布的基本信息。
英文摘要
Over the past three decades, generalized parton distributions (GPDs) have emerged as one of the most active and important areas of research in nucleon structure and quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Since the last comprehensive review two decades ago, substantial progress has been made in experimental measurements of hard exclusive processes, such as deeply virtual Compton scattering and near-threshold $J/ψ$ production, as well as in increasingly sophisticated phenomenological analyses of GPDs that enable three-dimensional nucleon tomography. Theoretical advances in perturbative coefficient functions, scale evolutions, and kinematic and power corrections have considerably improved the precision of GPD phenomenology, while new hard exclusive processes for probing GPDs have been explored. More interestingly, lattice QCD can now directly access GPDs at fixed parton momentum fractions $x$ and skewness $ξ$ through large-momentum expansions, in addition to the traditional calculations of their moments, or generalized form factors. Significant progress has also been made in exploring the QCD energy-momentum tensor that encodes fundamental information on the nucleon's mass distribution, complete spin structure, and spatial distributions of momentum current and color-Lorentz forces acting on quarks and gluons.
发表机构
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）
- University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
- RIKEN BNL Research Center and Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室理研BNL研究中心及物理系）
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳）理工学院）
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