SN 2025wny VI 的后续观测:ZTF 中强引力透镜 SLSNe-I 的速率与可探测星族
Follow-up of SN 2025wny VI: The Rate and Detectable Population of Strongly Lensed SLSNe-I in ZTF
- Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学)
- University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学)
- University of Cambridge(剑桥大学)
- California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院)
- Weizmann Institute of Science(魏茨曼科学研究所)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。
AI总结:
本文通过前向模拟验证 ZTF 七年发现一例强透镜 SLSN-I 的速率,并校正 SN 2025wny 的偏差,发现其典型但像间距偏大,暗示宽间距系统速率可能更高。
AI中文摘要:
I 型超亮超新星(SLSN-I)SN 2025wny 被两个前景星系在 $z_l = 0.375$ 处多重成像,是首个被确认的强引力透镜 SLSN,也是星系尺度构型中红移最高($z_s = 2.015$)的多重成像超新星。我们探究在兹威基瞬变设施(ZTF)运行七年中发现一例是否与预期相符,以及 SN 2025wny 是否代表可探测星族的典型。我们开发了 ZTF 中强引力透镜 SLSNe-I 的前向模拟,将经验标定的体积率与光度函数、星系尺度偏折体星族、未分辨的透镜光变曲线以及实际的 ZTF 观测历史相结合。我们预测速率为 $0.037^{+0.022}_{-0.020}\\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$,与从 ZTF 运行七年中单次发现推断出的 $0.14^{+0.31}_{-0.11}\\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ 速率一致。以 ZTF 发现为条件对模拟进行校正,可修正 SN 2025wny 的放大率和固有光度,以消除马尔姆奎斯特偏差和放大率偏差:去偏后的峰值热光度 $\log_{10}(L_{\rm bol,int}/{\rm erg\\,s^{-1}}) = 44.60^{+0.05}_{-0.10}$,将其置于假设的 SLSNe-I 光度函数约第 97 百分位。SN 2025wny 在红移、光度和放大率方面属于可探测星族的典型,但其 $4.9''$ 的像间距超出了单星系偏折体的预期,表明我们的速率对宽间距系统而言是保守的。
英文摘要:
The Type I superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) SN 2025wny, multiply imaged by two foreground galaxies at $z_l = 0.375$, is the first confirmed strongly lensed SLSN and the highest-redshift ($z_s = 2.015$) multiply imaged supernova in a galaxy-scale configuration. We ask whether one discovery in seven years of Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) operations is consistent with expectations, and whether SN 2025wny is typical of the detectable population. We develop a forward simulation of strongly lensed SLSNe-I in ZTF, combining an empirically calibrated volumetric rate and luminosity function with a galaxy-scale deflector population, unresolved lensed light curves, and the actual ZTF observing history. We predict $0.037^{+0.022}_{-0.020}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, consistent with the rate of $0.14^{+0.31}_{-0.11}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ inferred from a single discovery in seven years of ZTF operations. Conditioning the simulation on discovery by ZTF corrects the magnifications and intrinsic luminosity of SN 2025wny for Malmquist- and magnification biases: the debiased peak bolometric luminosity, $\log_{10}(L_{\rm bol,int}/{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}) = 44.60^{+0.05}_{-0.10}$, places it at the $\sim$97th percentile of the assumed SLSNe-I luminosity function. SN 2025wny is typical of the detectable population in redshift, luminosity, and magnification, but its $4.9''$ image separation exceeds single-galaxy deflector expectations, implying our rates are conservative for wide-separation systems.