面向大型数据中心负载的电网感知动态规范设计
Designing Grid-Aware Dynamic Specifications for Large Data Center Loads
浏览论文内容
中文总结 AI 辅助
针对大型数据中心负载的爬坡与振荡行为，提出基于惯量中心频率和频谱多面体近似的动态规范设计方法，并在WECC 179节点系统验证其有效性。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
随着数据中心（DC）负载日益渗透到电网中，电网运营商迫切需要向数据中心所有者提供清晰的动态规范，以确保电网安全运行。为此，我们研究了大型语言模型（LLM）训练负载的两个显著行为：作业启动和终止时的突然爬坡，这会引起瞬态频率偏移；以及训练期间持续的周期性振荡，这会导致振荡稳态行为。对于爬坡负载，我们证明节点转子频率可以近似为惯量中心（COI）频率，并推导了其最低点（nadir）和频率变化率（RoCoF）的解析表达式。这些表达式确定了满足规定频率限制的爬坡时间和稳态负载需求的允许组合。对于振荡负载，我们推导了其傅里叶系数的频谱规范，并表明可接受的系数集可以用多面体近似。我们进一步通过其最大体积内接椭球获得了紧凑表示，并证明该椭球是轴对齐的。在WECC 179节点系统上的数值测试表明，所得规范对于高阶非线性动力学仍然有效。所提出的框架为调节大型数据中心负载的动态行为提供了可操作的规范，并为数据中心生态系统内的负载整形机制提供了信息。
英文摘要
As data center (DC) loads increasingly penetrate the power grid, there is an urgent need for grid operators to provide clear dynamic specifications to DC owners to ensure safe grid operation. To this end, we study two salient behaviors of large language model (LLM) training loads: abrupt ramps at job initiation and termination, which induce transient frequency excursions, and sustained periodic oscillations during training, which result in oscillatory steady-state behavior. For ramping loads, we show that nodal rotor frequencies can be accurately approximated by the center-of-inertia (COI) frequency and derive analytical expressions for its nadir and rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). These expressions determine allowable combinations of ramp times and steady-state load demands satisfying prescribed frequency limits. For oscillatory loads, we derive spectral specifications on their Fourier coefficients and show that the admissible coefficient set can be approximated by a polytope. We further obtain a compact representation via its maximum-volume inscribed ellipsoid, which we show is axis-aligned. Numerical tests on the WECC 179-bus system demonstrate that the resulting specifications remain valid for higher-order nonlinear dynamics. The proposed framework provides actionable specifications for regulating the dynamic behavior of large DC loads and informing load-shaping mechanisms within the data center ecosystem.
