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arXiv 2609.18469math.CO

有向图中的反定向森林

Antidirected forests in digraphs

  • School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University(宁夏大学数学与统计学院)

机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。

Gengtao Liu, Yunshu Gao

AI总结:

本文证明每个弧数超过阈值 $g_k(n)$ 的有向图必包含任意给定 $k$ 条弧的反定向森林,并确定最大有向极值数为 $2\mathrm{ex}(n,kK_2)$,方法结合计数不等式、嵌入与分解。

AI中文摘要:

一个有向图是反定向的,如果每个顶点的入度为零或出度为零。设 $k\ge2$,并设 $F$ 是一个具有 $k$ 条弧且无孤立顶点的反定向森林。我们证明:每个阶为 $n$ 且弧数多于 $g_k(n):=2\max\left\{\binom{2k-1}{2}, (k-1)\left(n-\frac{k}{2}\right)\right\}$ 的有向图 $D$ 都包含 $F$ 作为子有向图。对于 $n\ge2k-1$,该阈值等于 $2\mathrm{ex}(n,kK_2)$,并且由来自极值 $kK_2$-自由图所构造的对称有向图达到。因此,所有此类森林的最大有向极值数为 $2\mathrm{ex}(n,kK_2)$。证明结合了有根反定向森林的计数不等式、扩展顶点不相交弧的嵌入以及顶点删除。在剩余情形中,底层图的 Gallai--Edmonds 分解给出了所需的弧数上界。

英文摘要:

A digraph is antidirected if every vertex has indegree zero or outdegree zero. Let $k\ge2$, and let $F$ be an antidirected forest with $k$ arcs and no isolated vertices. We prove that every digraph $D$ of order $n$ with more than $g_k(n):=2\max\left\{\binom{2k-1}{2}, (k-1)\left(n-\frac{k}{2}\right)\right\}$ arcs contains $F$ as a subdigraph. For $n\ge2k-1$, this threshold equals $2\mathrm{ex}(n,kK_2)$ and is attained by symmetric digraphs arising from extremal $kK_2$-free graphs. Consequently, the maximum directed extremal number over all such forests is $2\mathrm{ex}(n,kK_2)$. The proof combines a counting inequality for rooted antidirected forests, embeddings extending vertex-disjoint arcs, and vertex deletion. In the remaining case, the Gallai--Edmonds decomposition of the underlying graph gives the required bound on the number of arcs.

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