AI 中文总结
本研究为EicC零度量热器设计了紧凑的SPACAL强子量热器，通过Geant4模拟验证，实现了优异的能量和时间分辨率及高精度粒子识别，满足物理需求。
AI 中文摘要
拟议中的中国电子离子对撞机（EicC）上的零度量热器（ZDC）对于探测前向中性粒子以及支持核心核子自旋和三维成像物理项目至关重要。在本工作中，提出并优化了一种高度紧凑的意大利面量热器（SPACAL）架构，作为ZDC强子部分的基础设计。为了系统且定量地评估其物理能力，开发了一个全面的端到端Geant4模拟框架，集成了能量沉积、光学光子传输、光电探测以及建模的前端信号数字化。优化后的探测器在中子探测方面表现出优异的性能，实现了$33.42\\%/\sqrt{E/\mathrm{GeV}} + 1.47\\%$的能量分辨率和约500皮秒的时间分辨率，优于目标规格。此外，包含上游电磁量热器的全系统模拟产生了亚厘米级的横向位置分辨率。而且，整个探测器系统的拓扑簇射形状分析提供了稳健的粒子识别（PID），对于高能入射粒子，光子-中子分离准确率超过$99\\%$。这些定量结果证实，SPACAL设计完全满足EicC前向运动学区域的严格运行和物理要求。
英文摘要
The Zero-Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) at the proposed Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC) is essential for detecting forward-going neutral particles and supporting the core nucleon spin and 3D imaging physics programs. In this work, a highly compact Spaghetti Calorimeter (SPACAL) architecture is proposed and optimized as the baseline design for the ZDC hadronic section. To systematically and quantitatively evaluate its physics capabilities, a comprehensive end-to-end Geant4 simulation framework was developed, integrating energy deposition, optical photon transport, photo-detection, and modeled front-end signal digitization. The optimized detector demonstrates excellent performance for neutron detection, achieving an energy resolution of $33.42\%/\sqrt{E/\mathrm{GeV}} + 1.47\%$ and a timing resolution of approximately 500 ps, outperforming the targeted specification. Furthermore, full-system simulations incorporating the upstream electromagnetic calorimeter yield a sub-centimeter transverse position resolution. Moreover, topological shower shape analysis across the full detector system provides robust particle identification (PID), with photon-neutron separation accuracy reaching over $99\%$ for high-energy incident particles. These quantitative results confirm that the SPACAL design fully satisfies the stringent operational and physics requirements of the EicC forward kinematic region.
