发表机构
Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université; LUX, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS; Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS（巴黎高等师范学院物理实验室，法兰西学院，巴黎文理研究大学，法国国家科学研究中心，索邦大学; 卢克斯天文台，巴黎天文台，巴黎文理研究大学，索邦大学，法国国家科学研究中心; 天体物理学研究所，巴黎萨克雷大学，法国国家科学研究中心）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
SKYNET框架结合辐射性超新星遗迹模型与银河系分布，预测其累积谱线发射，首次应用成功再现N+发射分布，证明r-SNR贡献银河系约20-25%的电离，揭示其重要但被忽视的作用。
AI 中文摘要
背景。超新星遗迹（SNR）的辐射阶段约占其寿命的90%。然而，在银河系中仅观测到几十个辐射性超新星遗迹（r-SNR），而处于绝热阶段的年轻SNR目录包含约300-400个已确认源。这一差距反映了辐射阶段缺乏明确的示踪物，并成为理解SNR对星际介质能量平衡和化学状态影响的重大障碍。目标。我们旨在识别r-SNR的光谱示踪物，以便在银道面上实现对其个体或统计探测，并更广泛地量化银河系r-SNR种群对星际谱线发射的集体贡献。方法。我们提出SKYNET，这是一个新的预测框架，将基于巴黎-达勒姆激波代码专用版本的单个r-SNR物理模型与描述r-SNR空间分布及其膨胀介质性质的银河系模型相结合。这些组件共同使SKYNET能够预测银河系r-SNR在近一百万条谱线中的累积发射。作为首次应用，我们将SKYNET的预测与赫歇尔巡天对单电离氮两条精细结构线的观测进行比较。结果。SKYNET预测的银河系分布表明，朝向银道面的随机视线不可避免地穿过多个r-SNR，其累积发射可能与特定光谱示踪物相关。SKYNET成功再现了沿银道面的N+发射纵向轮廓，该轮廓源于旋臂结构在天空上的投影。预测的谱线比率分布与观测分布的均值、离散度和尾部匹配，表明该模型自然解释了产生N+发射的介质物理条件范围异常狭窄的现象。与观测柱密度的比较显示，SKYNET约占银河系N+总量的20-25%，证明辐射性SNR是银河系中一个显著且此前被低估的电离源。观测与预测柱密度之间的差异可能归因于超新星遗迹在超级气泡中的成团（目前模型未考虑）以及H II区等非SNR源的贡献。结论。SKYNET提供了一个在银河系尺度上量化r-SNR累积发射的新框架，可直接与原子和分子谱线的观测巡天进行比较。首次应用揭示SNR对星际介质电离有显著贡献，突显了这一长期被忽视的作用。
英文摘要
Context. The radiative stage of a supernova remnant (SNR) constitutes approximately 90% of its lifetime. Yet, only a few tens of radiative supernova remnants (r-SNRs) have been observed in the Milky Way, while catalogs of young SNRs in their adiabatic stage contain $\sim$ 300 -400 confirmed sources. This deficit reflects the absence of unambiguous tracers for the radiative phase, and stands as a major obstacle to understanding the impact of SNRs on the energetic balance and the chemical state of the interstellar medium. Aims. We aim to identify spectral tracers of r-SNRs to enable their individual or statistical detection across the Galactic plane, and, more generally, to quantify the collective contribution of the Galactic r-SNR population to interstellar line emission. Methods. We present SKYNET, a new predictive framework that couples a physically motivated model of individual r-SNRs, built upon a dedicated version of the Paris-Durham shock code, with a Galactic model that describes the spatial distribution of r-SNRs and the properties of the medium into which they expand. Together, these components allow SKYNET to predict the cumulative emission of Galactic r-SNRs in nearly one million spectral lines. As a first application, we compare the predictions of SKYNET with an Herschel survey of the two fine-structure lines of singly ionized nitrogen. Results. The Galactic distribution predicted by SKYNET shows that random lines of sight toward the Galactic plane inevitably intercept multiple r-SNRs, whose cumulative emission may be associated with specific spectral tracers. SKYNET successfully reproduces the longitudinal profile of N + emission along the Galactic plane, which results from the projection on the sky of the spiral arms structure. The predicted line-ratio distribution matches the mean, the dispersion, and the tail of the observed distribution, showing that the model naturally explains the unexpectedly narrow range of physical conditions of the medium responsible for the N + emission. Comparison with the observed column densities reveals that SKYNET accounts for $\sim$ 20-25% of the total Galactic N + content, demonstrating that radiative SNRs constitute a significant, and previously underappreciated, source of ionization in the Milky Way. The difference between the observed and predicted column densities could be due to the clustering of supernova remnants into superbubbles, which is currently not taken into account by the model, and to the contribution of non-SNR sources such as H II regions. Conclusions. SKYNET offers a new framework for quantifying the cumulative emission of r-SNRs at Galactic scales that can be directly compared with observational surveys of atomic and molecular lines. The first application reveals that SNRs contribute significantly to the ionization of the ISM, highlighting a role that has largely been overlooked.
CommentsAstronomy \& Astrophysics - A\&A, In press
