发表机构
Universidad Industrial de Santander; ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC; Czech Technical University in Prague（桑坦德工业大学; 极亮基础设施欧洲研究联盟光束线设施; 布拉格捷克理工大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
KEMPIC-3D是一个基于C/C++的全电磁三维粒子网格框架，通过验证基准和激光尾场模拟，展示了其透明、可扩展且数值稳定的动理学等离子体模拟能力。
AI 中文摘要
KEMPIC-3D是一个全电磁三维粒子网格（PIC）代码，已用C/C++开发，并针对动理学等离子体现象的自洽模拟进行了系统验证。该数值框架将交错Yee时域有限差分求解器用于麦克斯韦方程组，与相对论Boris粒子推进器、三线性场插值和电荷守恒电流沉积相结合。其模块化架构强调算法透明性和可扩展性，允许直接检查和修改主要数值例程，以纳入额外的物理模型和计算能力。\n该实现通过一系列基准问题进行评估，涵盖单个数值组件和自洽的粒子-场耦合。粒子推进器针对相对论带电粒子运动的解析解进行了验证，而电磁场求解器则通过导波传播和网格收敛性分析进行评估。完整的PIC算法随后通过等离子体振荡、全局能量守恒和离散电荷连续性进行验证，证明了耦合公式的数值精度、守恒特性和自洽性。\nKEMPIC-3D的能力进一步通过欠稠密等离子体中激光驱动等离子体尾场产生的代表性模拟得到展示。模拟再现了特征非线性尾场结构，并在不同粒子离散化下表现出稳定的数值行为，无需额外的空间滤波。这些结果共同确立了KEMPIC-3D作为多维动理学等离子体模拟的可靠、透明且可扩展的计算框架。
英文摘要
KEMPIC-3D, a fully electromagnetic three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code, has been developed in C/C++ and systematically verified for the self-consistent simulation of kinetic plasma phenomena. The numerical framework combines a staggered Yee finite-difference time-domain solver for Maxwell's equations with a relativistic Boris particle pusher, trilinear field interpolation, and charge-conserving current deposition. Its modular architecture emphasizes algorithmic transparency and extensibility, allowing the principal numerical routines to be directly inspected and modified to incorporate additional physical models and computational capabilities. The implementation is assessed through a hierarchy of benchmark problems addressing both the individual numerical components and the self-consistent particle--field coupling. The particle pusher is verified against analytical solutions for relativistic charged-particle motion, while the electromagnetic field solver is evaluated through guided-wave propagation and grid-convergence analysis. The complete PIC algorithm is subsequently verified through plasma oscillations, global energy conservation, and discrete charge continuity, demonstrating the numerical accuracy, conservation properties, and self-consistency of the coupled formulation. The capabilities of KEMPIC-3D are further demonstrated through a representative simulation of laser-driven plasma wakefield generation in an underdense plasma. The simulations reproduce the characteristic nonlinear wakefield structure and exhibit stable numerical behavior across different particle discretizations without additional spatial filtering. Together, these results establish KEMPIC-3D as a reliable, transparent, and extensible computational framework for multidimensional kinetic plasma simulations.
