中子皮对重离子碰撞中粒子发射的影响：一篇与天体物理和核结构关联的主题综述
Neutron Skin Effects on Particle Emission in Heavy-Ion Collisions: A Topic Review with Astrophysical and Nuclear Structure Connections
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文综述中子皮对重离子碰撞中粒子发射和集体动力学的影响，强调其作为同位旋矢量核相互作用探针的作用，并提出结合多系统观测与核结构及天体物理信息以定量约束中子皮和对称能密度依赖性的前景。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
中子皮，由中子与质子均方根半径之差定义，是同位旋不对称性的特征表现，也是同位旋矢量核相互作用的重要探针。本专题综述考察了中子皮如何影响重离子碰撞中的粒子发射和集体动力学，涵盖从费米能量区到超高相对论能量的范围。通过修改初始中子和质子密度分布，中子皮影响参与者区域的同位旋组成和几何形状、预平衡发射、粒子产生、碎片形成以及集体流。我们综述了中子-质子比和$\ m{t}/^3\ m{He}$产额比、轻团簇、π介子比、轫致辐射光子、同位旋标度律和碎片动量分布，以及中子-质子微分流和动量观测量，强调它们与对称能和输运动力学的相互作用。在高能下，中子皮还改变同量异位素和重核碰撞中的初始几何形状、偏心率、多重性和各向异性流。我们讨论了将这些效应与形变、表面弥散度、壳结构、团簇化和模型依赖性区分开来的挑战。还探讨了与宇称破坏电子散射、偶极响应、相干弹性中微子-核散射、动量空间中SRC诱导的质子皮以及中子星观测量的更广泛联系。最后，我们强调了放射性束流、改进的碰撞实验、微观多体和输运计算以及贝叶斯推断带来的机遇。将多种反应系统和观测量与互补的核结构和天体物理信息相结合，对于定量约束中子皮和对称能的密度依赖性至关重要。
英文摘要
The neutron skin, defined by the difference between neutron and proton root-mean-square radii, is a characteristic manifestation of isospin asymmetry and an important probe of the isovector nuclear interaction. This focused review examines how neutron skins influence particle emission and collective dynamics in heavy-ion collisions, from the Fermi-energy regime to ultra-relativistic energies. By modifying the initial neutron and proton density profiles, the neutron skin affects the isospin composition and geometry of the participant region, pre-equilibrium emission, particle production, fragment formation, and collective flow. We review neutron-to-proton and $\rm{t}/^3\rm{He}$ yield ratios, light clusters, pion ratios, bremsstrahlung photons, isoscaling and fragment momentum distributions, and neutron-proton differential flow and momentum observables, emphasizing their interplay with the symmetry energy and transport dynamics. At high energies, neutron skins also modify the initial geometry, eccentricities, multiplicities, and anisotropic flows in isobar and heavy-nucleus collisions. We discuss the challenge of disentangling these effects from deformation, surface diffuseness, shell structure, clustering, and model dependence. Broader connections to parity-violating electron scattering, dipole responses, coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, SRC-induced proton skins in momentum space, and neutron-star observables are also explored. Finally, we highlight opportunities from radioactive beams, improved collision experiments, microscopic many-body and transport calculations, and Bayesian inference. Combining multiple reaction systems and observables with complementary nuclear-structure and astrophysical information will be essential for quantitatively constraining neutron skins and the density dependence of the symmetry energy.
发表机构
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University（复旦大学现代物理研究所）
- Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, NSFC and Fudan University（复旦大学理论核物理上海研究中心）
- School of Physics, East China Normal University（华东师范大学物理系）
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