发表机构
School of Computing, Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学计算机学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究通过多年部署与受控平台对比，揭示睡眠电流是农业LoRaWAN节点长期运行的首要能耗决定因素，STM32WL平台在能耗上显著优于MKR WAN1310。
AI 中文摘要
农业物联网节点通常远离主电源，且维护途径有限。因此，物联网部署受益于LoRaWAN等低功耗、远距离通信技术。然而，仅靠通信并不能保证多年运行。以往工作已测量通信能耗、建模系统寿命，并记录了长期运行的部署。本文则将长期部署证据与受控平台测量相结合。AgriTrust部署已使用基于MKR WAN1310的Squirrel Box节点运行2年8个月。基于此证据，我们通过确认上行链路周期中的时间分辨电流轨迹，比较了MKR WAN1310和STM32WL LoRaWAN平台。在户外比较中，我们测试了九种载荷大小与数据速率的组合，每种重复三次。两种平台在所有条件下均实现了3/3的ACKed数据包。STM32WL在所有测试条件下的周期能耗均低于WAN1310。STM32WL的周期能耗范围为0.0350 J至0.3550 J，而WAN1310为0.0698 J至0.5662 J。这些通信事件是短暂的，而睡眠和漏电流在周期之间持续存在。STM32WL的睡眠电流记录为59.6 nA，而WAN1310的睡眠电流为104微安，约为STM32WL的1745倍。这一差异表明，睡眠电流是长期可行性的首要决定因素。然而，整个系统的能量预算还取决于传感负载、占空比、通信能耗和能量收集支持。本研究应被视为受控表征，而非跨所有站点、固件栈或LoRaWAN模式的通用比较。
英文摘要
Agricultural IoT nodes are often far from mains power and have limited access for maintenance. Therefore, IoT deployments benefit from low-power, long-range communication such as LoRaWAN. However, communication alone does not guarantee multi-year operation. Previous work has measured communication energy, modelled system lifetime, and documented long-lived deployments. This paper connects long-term deployment evidence with controlled platform measurements. The AgriTrust deployment has operated for 2 years and 8 months using MKR WAN1310-based Squirrel Box nodes. Building on this evidence, we compared the MKR WAN1310 and STM32WL LoRaWAN platforms using time-resolved current traces during confirmed-uplink cycles. For this outdoor comparison, we tested nine combinations of payload size and data rate with three repetitions each. Both platforms achieved 3/3 ACKed packets in every condition. The STM32WL had lower cycle energy than the WAN1310 in all tested conditions. Cycle energy ranged from 0.0350 J to 0.3550 J for STM32WL and from 0.0698 J to 0.5662 J for WAN1310. These communication events are brief, while sleep and leakage currents persist between cycles. The STM32WL sleep current was recorded at 59.6 nA, while the WAN1310 sleep current was 104 microamperes, approximately 1745 times that of the STM32WL. This difference shows that sleep current is a first-order determinant of long-term viability. However, the whole-system energy budget also depends on sensing loads, duty cycle, communication energy, and harvested-energy support. The study should be treated as a controlled characterisation, not a universal comparison across all sites, firmware stacks, or LoRaWAN modes.
Comments8 pages, 5 figures. Presented at the 4th International Workshop on Long and Short Range Wireless Technologies Applied to IoT for Networks of Tomorrow (LS-NoT 2026), co-located with DCOSS-IoT 2026, Reykjavik, Iceland, 22-24 June 2026
Journal ref2026 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), Reykjavik, Iceland, 22-24 June 2026, IEEE, 2026
DOI：10.1109/DCOSS-IoT69657.2026.00122
