发表机构
University of Canterbury; New York University (NYU); Stanford University; Cornell Tech; University of Duisburg-Essen（坎特伯雷大学; 纽约大学; 斯坦福大学; 康奈尔科技; 杜伊斯堡-埃森大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
针对自动化系统界面不透明、人类干预困难的问题，提出物理有状态界面（PSIs）概念，通过可驱动的按钮等控件统一可供性与反馈，以增强人类能动性。
AI 中文摘要
随着人工智能开始渗透日常生活，其部署重点在于将智能嵌入后台、抽象化控制，并使自动化决策过程不透明，几乎不给人类干预留下明显机会。在界面仍然存在的地方，设计已趋向于抽象的、基于屏幕的控制，用菜单导航取代了物质交互。这些转变削弱了人类行为与系统状态之间的耦合，侵蚀了操作员理解、预测和干预自动化系统的能力。我们提出了物理有状态界面（PSIs），这是一种设计概念，将按钮、开关和旋钮等传统控件重新构想为可驱动的双向界面元素。三种基础行为——自复位/重置、抵抗/隐藏和断言/取消隐藏——将可供性、预反馈和反馈统一到一个交互点。PSIs不是将静态输入及其影响和后果必须在屏幕上的其他地方读取，而是将物理控制定位为自动化系统与人类操作员之间的共享中介。随着自动化系统能力日益增强，其界面需要被精心设计以人类能动性为中心，支持深思熟虑的选择，同时保持自动化的可理解性、可争议性和可覆盖性。
英文摘要
As AI starts to permeate everyday life, deployment focuses on embedding intelligence in the background, abstracting away controls, and leaving automated decision-making opaque, with few obvious opportunities for human intervention. Where interfaces remain, design has drifted toward abstract, screen-based control, replacing material interaction with menu navigation. These shifts weaken the coupling between human action and system state, eroding operators' ability to understand, anticipate, and intervene in automated systems. We introduce Physically Stateful Interfaces (PSIs), a design concept that re-imagines traditional controls, such as buttons, switches, and knobs, as actuated, bidirectional interface elements. Three foundational behaviors, Self/Reset, Resist/Hide, and Assert/Unhide, unify affordance, feedforward, and feedback into a single interaction point. Rather than static inputs whose impact and consequences must be read elsewhere on a screen, PSIs position physical controls as shared mediators between automated systems and human operators. As automated systems become increasingly capable, their interfaces need to be deliberately designed to center human agency, supporting deliberate choice while keeping automation legible, contestable, and overrideable.
Comments6 Pages, 7 figures, article
