发表机构
Institute of Informatics UFRGS Porto Alegre, Brazil
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文实验分析DAO治理的智能合约联邦学习市场，发现单任务每训练者耗约380万gas，成本在约20轮后达摊销拐点，且链上与IPFS集成不损精度，成本摊销源于经常性成本远低于固定部署成本。
AI 中文摘要
区块链赋能的联邦学习（FL）市场通过智能合约在互不信任的参与者之间实现协作模型训练。尽管已有众多架构，但其经济评估通常局限于孤立的区块链操作，而非完整的市场生命周期。因此，运营成本是否依赖于规模化运作仍不明确。本文对DAO治理的市场运营成本进行了实验研究。我们的评估分解了合约生命周期中每项区块链操作的gas消耗，进行了消融实验以隔离链上协调和IPFS存储对联邦训练的影响，并推导了一个描述部署成本摊销的分析模型。结果表明，单个训练任务的生命周期中，每位雇佣的训练者大约消耗380万gas单位。每轮训练的平均成本在约20轮通信后达到其摊销拐点——定义为两倍渐近经常性成本。此外，集成智能合约和IPFS保持了模型性能，达到了与传统联邦学习部署相当的准确率。这些发现表明，智能合约协调的联邦学习市场表现出摊销成本结构，并非因为链上操作便宜，而是因为经常性成本比固定部署成本低一到两个数量级，从而在联邦的整个生命周期中被稀释。
英文摘要
Blockchain-enabled Federated Learning (FL) marketplaces enable collaborative model training among mutually distrustful participants through smart contracts. Although numerous architectures exist, their economic evaluation is typically limited to isolated blockchain operations rather than the complete marketplace lifecycle. Consequently, it remains unclear whether operational costs depend on operating at scale. This paper presents an experimental study of the operational cost of a DAO-governed marketplace. Our evaluation decomposes the gas consumption of every blockchain operation throughout the contract lifecycle, performs ablation experiments to isolate the impact of on-chain coordination and IPFS storage on federated training, and derives an analytical model describing the amortization of deployment costs. Results show the lifecycle of a single training task consumes approximately 3.8 million gas units per hired trainer. The average cost per training round reaches its amortization knee - defined as twice the asymptotic recurring cost - after approximately 20 communication rounds. Moreover, integrating smart contracts and IPFS preserves model performance, achieving accuracy comparable to conventional FL deployments. These findings demonstrate that smart-contract-coordinated FL marketplaces exhibit an amortizing cost structure not because on-chain operations are inexpensive, but because recurring costs are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than fixed deployment costs, thereby diluting over the federation's lifetime.
Comments8 pages, 5 figures, IEEE Blockchain Conference 2026
