AI 中文总结
本文综述量子安全密码机制的构建模块、现有应用迁移及开放挑战，按安全机制和应用领域分类，并总结成功迁移需解决的挑战与动机。
AI 中文摘要
容错量子计算机的出现可能使广泛使用的密码算法被破解。若采用高效算法，这些用于公钥加密和数字签名的算法可能暴露。这对现有基础设施构成威胁，推动了能够抵御量子计算机网络安全风险的机制的发展。然而，向新安全机制的过渡仍在进行中，并面临诸多挑战，包括识别哪些应用受到威胁以及实施灵活、可扩展的迁移过程。在这项工作中，我们调研了量子安全密码机制、针对迁移的现有应用以及开放挑战的最新进展。我们考察了常用于将量子安全机制集成到现有应用中的构建模块，并根据其采用的安全机制对其进行分类。接下来，我们系统性地回顾了现有向量子安全方案的迁移，并按应用领域（包括电信、物联网和区块链）对其进行分类。最后，我们总结了成功迁移到抗量子机制所需解决的挑战，以及推动这一迁移的动机。
英文摘要
The possible emergence of fault-tolerant quantum computers may enable widely used cryptographic algorithms to be broken. These algorithms for public key encryption and digital signatures could be exposed if an efficient algorithm is employed. This poses a threat to existing infrastructure, motivating the development of mechanisms that can withstand quantum-computer cybersecurity risks. However, the transition to new security mechanisms is still underway and faces many challenges, including identifying which applications are under threat and implementing agile, scalable migration processes. In this work, we survey the state of the art in quantum-safe cryptographic mechanisms, existing applications targeting migration, and open challenges. We examine the building blocks commonly used to integrate quantum-safe mechanisms into existing applications and categorize them by the security mechanisms they employ. Next, we systematically review existing migrations into quantum-safe schemes and categorize them by application domain, including Telecommunications, the Internet of Things, and Blockchains. Finally, we summarize the challenges that must be addressed to enable a successful migration to quantum-resistant mechanisms, as well as the motivations for pursuing this migration.
