发表机构
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（喷气推进实验室，加州理工学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
通过七个光学干涉与成像基准比较，发现量子技术仅在改变信息承载可观测量且该通道在最终科学测量中仍重要时，才能带来天体物理推断优势。
AI 中文摘要
当现实中的损耗、校准、协方差和推断过程被传播到最终的天体物理可观测量后，量子技术若能在承载参数的测量通道中保留信息，则对光学天文学具有重要意义。我们通过它们所改变的物理量来比较7种方法：内光程延迟、亚瑞利源间距、日冕仪行星吞吐量与恒星泄漏、相干场正交分量、非局域复可见度、零深、主动相位传感。在一个地球类似天体测量案例中，6分贝压缩内计量将测量的相位正交分量提高了1.58倍，完整读出提高了约1.20倍，但固定时间行星质量精度仅提高了1.010倍（95%置信区间1.005-1.045）；任务持续时间、有效基线、观测节奏和校准具有更大的建模杠杆作用。对于一对近距离年轻双星，符号空间模式解复用保留了亚瑞利轨道信息，而在所测试的直接成像比较器中该信息显著退化。一个代表性的匹配模型计算给出动力学质量均方根误差增益为1.77（1.47-2.15）。对于说明性的等先验前主序星预测，在0.10和0.12太阳质量处，质量精度为15%、10%、7%时，对应的正确选择概率约为73%、82%、90%。数值增益仍是暂定的，因为事件级连续图像比较器、严格尾部收敛、外部测量的宽带传输矩阵和有限光子校准尚未闭合。模态日冕仪和量子增强外差接收定义了条件性接收机机会，而非局域、零器和制备NOON态案例则识别出在所述配置中阻碍天体物理优势的物理瓶颈。共同的结果是，当量子技术改变一个承载信息的可观测量，且该通道在最终科学测量中仍然重要时，量子技术最有价值。
英文摘要
Quantum techniques matter to optical astronomy when they preserve information in the parameter-bearing measurement channel after realistic loss, calibration, covariance, and inference are propagated to the final astrophysical observable. We compare 7 approaches by the quantity they change: internal optical-path delay, sub-Rayleigh source separation, coronagraphic planet throughput & stellar leakage, coherent field quadratures, nonlocal complex visibility, null depth, active phase sensing. In an Earth-analog astrometry case, 6-dB squeezed internal metrology improves the measured phase quadrature by 1.58 and the complete readout by ~1.20, but fixed-time planet-mass precision by only 1.010 (95 % interval 1.005-1.045); mission duration, useful baseline, cadence, calibration have greater modeled leverage. For a close young binary, signed spatial-mode demultiplexing preserves sub-Rayleigh orbital information that is substantially degraded in the tested direct-imaging comparator. A representative matched-model calculation gives a dynamical-mass RMSE gain 1.77 1.47-2.15). For illustrative equal-prior pre-main-sequence predictions at 0.10 and \(0.12M_\odot\), mass precisions of 15%, 10%, 7% correspond to correct-selection probabilities of ~73%, 82%, 90%. The numerical gain remains provisional because the event-level continuous-image comparator, strict tail convergence, externally measured broadband transfer matrix, and finite-photon calibration are not yet closed. Modal coronagraphy and quantum-enhanced heterodyne reception define conditional receiver opportunities, while the nonlocal, nuller, and prepared-NOON cases identify physical bottlenecks that prevent an astrophysical advantage in the stated configurations. The common result is that quantum technology is most valuable when it changes an information-bearing observable and that channel remains consequential in the final science measurement.
Comments31 pages, 7 figures, 16 tables
