机器在呼叫：测量不需要的入站电话中的自动与合成语音
The Machines Are Calling: Measuring Automated and Synthetic Voices in Unwanted Inbound Calls
- Reality Inc.（Reality公司）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
通过语音蜜罐测量发现，26.9%的不需要来电为机器语音开场，合成语音集中在潜在客户生成垃圾邮件中，且活动比号码更持久。
AI中文摘要：
2024年2月，美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）将人工智能生成的语音纳入《电话消费者保护法》（TCPA）的管辖范围。然而，尚无经过同行评审的测量表明有多少不需要的呼叫流量是由机器拨打的，以及其中有多少机器语音是合成的而非从录音中播放的。我们通过一个公开的流程报告了这两项数据。一个交互式语音蜜罐（在真实美国电话号码上运行的语言模型角色，呼叫者在其自己的轨道上被录音）在66天内记录了10,987个呼叫；其中11天我们的系统静默应答，这些天的数据被搁置。三种工具读取每次呼叫的开场：一种音频指纹识别在其他呼叫中播放的相同录音，一种商业合成语音检测器分析呼叫者前10秒的音频，以及盲听听众检查检测器标记的内容。在正常日子里，我们的角色问候了7,233个呼叫，其中13.8%的开场是我们在其他呼叫中也听到过的录音，13.1%的开场是检测器标记为合成的新音频。另有9.9%的开场是呼叫者在我们的问候后从未说话，54.2%的开场是新音频且检测器标记为人类语音，9.0%无法评分。因此，机器语音开场至少占26.9%，另有十分之一的呼叫是静默连接，我们将其解读为机器拨打的，而录音重播占检测器自身比率的45%（在6,192个可评分开场中占29.3%）。同一波形在两个呼叫中播放时，有13.6%的时间落在检测器阈值的两侧，11位听众确认了检测器标记内容的54.4%。合成开场集中在潜在客户生成垃圾邮件中（33.8%），而非欺诈（21.1%）；0.44%的开场披露了自动化。流行程度与诱饵号码流通的时间相关（同一周内为59%对比19%）：是种子历史而非日历时间解释了这一趋势。活动比其号码更持久：一个记录的合规通知在六个活动中作为开场，一个合成语音服务于九个活动。
英文摘要：
In February 2024 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) placed AI-generated voices under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). Yet no peer-reviewed measurement says how much unwanted call traffic is placed by a machine, or how much of that machine speech is synthesized rather than played from a recording. We report both with a disclosed pipeline. An interactive voice honeypot (language-model personas on real U.S. numbers, the caller recorded on its own track) recorded 10,987 calls over 66 days. Three instruments read each opening: an audio fingerprint that finds the same recording played on other calls, a commercial synthetic-speech detector on the caller's first ten seconds, and blinded listeners who check what it flags. Of the 7,233 greeted calls we analyze, 13.8% open with a recording we also heard on another call, and 13.1% with fresh audio the detector labels synthetic. A further 9.9% open with a caller who never spoke after our greeting, 54.2% with fresh audio the detector labels human, and 9.0% could not be scored. Machine-voiced openings are therefore at least 26.9%, a further tenth of calls are silent connections we read as machine-placed, and replays of a recording make up 45% of the detector's own rate (29.3% of 6,192 scored openings). The same waveform played on two calls lands on opposite sides of the detector's threshold 13.6% of the time, and eleven listeners confirm 54.4% of what it flags. Synthetic openings concentrate in lead-generation spam (33.8%), not fraud (21.1%); 0.44% disclose automation. Prevalence tracks how long a bait number has circulated (59% against 19% in the same weeks): seeding history, not calendar time, explains the trend. Campaigns outlast their numbers: one recorded compliance notice opens calls in six campaigns, and one synthetic voice serves nine.
