AI 中文总结
本研究通过分析1975年以来四个活动周的X级耀斑数据，发现最大X射线耀斑在活动周极大期前1--2年于高纬度出现，并在下降阶段持续，与活动波汇聚和磁场结构密切相关。
AI 中文摘要
诸如耀斑和日冕物质抛射等强大的非平稳过程主要探测于太阳活动周极大期附近。然而，自1975年GOES监测启动以来对大型耀斑的分析使我们得出更精确的结论。我们追踪了四个活动周中X级耀斑的纬度分布及其与活动周相位的关系。此外，我们直接将其位置与磁场结构进行了比较。研究发现，相对较弱的X4--7级耀斑发生在相对较高的纬度（15--20度），那里有两股活动波汇聚，一股向赤道移动，另一股为下一活动周的波，向极地方向移动。这类事件在活动周极大期前1--2年几乎持续被观测到。与此同时，强X射线耀斑的数量在极大期阶段急剧增加，但最大的X10级耀斑则在下降阶段初期被观测到，此时波相互作用仍然存在，并持续于整个下降阶段。值得注意的是，它们在活动周上升阶段几乎不存在。因此，我们得出结论：最大的X射线耀斑开始出现在太阳黑子最大数前1--2年的重叠相位，此时不同类型的活动波在太阳上相对较高的纬度共存，随后继续出现在分隔局部场波与下一活动周向极波的边界处。
英文摘要
Powerful nonstationary processes such as flares and coronal mass ejections are detected mainly near the solar cycle maxima. However, the analysis of the great flares since 1975, when the GOES monitoring started, leads us to more precise conclusions. We have traced the latitudinal distribution of X-class flares and their dependence on the phase of the cycle throughout four cycles. Besides, we compared directly their positions with the magnetic field structure. It was found that the relatively weak X4--7 flares occur at relatively high latitudes (15 -- 20 degrees), where two waves of activity converge, one moving toward the equator and the other, the wave of the following cycle, directed poleward. Such events are observed almost constantly 1 -- 2 years before the cycle maximum. At the same time, the number of the powerful X-ray flares increases sharply during the maximum phase, but the greatest X10 flares are observed at the beginning of the decline phase, where wave interactions still persist, and throughout the decline phase. Note that they are virtually absent during the cycle growth phase. Thus, we conclude that the greatest X-ray flares begin to appear 1 -- 2 years before the maximum number of sunspots in the overlapping phase, when different kinds of activity waves coexist on the Sun at relatively high latitudes, and, then, continue to appear at the boundary, which separates the wave of local fields and the poleward wave of the following cycle.
Comments12 pages, 6 figures. Accepted by Solar Physics, 2026
DOI：10.1007/s11207-026-02732-z
