超越卵石隔离：恒星与轨道尺度上巨行星形成的多样路径
Beyond Pebble Isolation: Diverse Pathways to Giant Planet Formation Across Stellar and Orbital Scales
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究通过模拟卵石吸积至交叉质量，发现巨行星形成路径多样，冷/暖木星可形成，热木星需迁移，核质量范围0.7-20地球质量，解释系外行星多样性。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
背景。巨行星的形成需要在盘的生命周期内达到交叉质量，即气态包层的质量等于核的质量。形成过程关键取决于轨道距离和恒星质量。目标。我们模拟了在质量为0.1-1.5倍太阳质量的恒星周围，通过卵石吸积形成行星直至交叉质量的过程，考虑了一系列形成位置，并分别在有和没有I型迁移的情况下进行。方法。我们使用修改版的MESA，该版本耦合了卵石吸积、气体吸积和盘演化。结果。我们发现冷/暖木星形成，而在短轨道间距处原位形成失败：粘性加热将隔离质量提高到足以聚集足够的核，但伴随的高盘温度阻止了冷却并抑制了气态巨行星的形成。这支持了热木星起源的迁移解释。在大轨道距离处，可以在卵石隔离质量之前达到交叉质量。这是可能的，因为冷、低不透明度外盘中的包层有效收缩。在交叉质量处推断的核质量在0.7到20个地球质量之间。结论。卵石吸积容纳了多种形成路径。巨行星也可以有非常小的核。总体而言，不同的形成条件显著影响行星生长，并可以解释系外行星种群中观察到的组成和内部结构的多样性。
英文摘要
Context. Giant planet formation requires reaching crossover mass, i.e., when the mass of the gaseous envelope becomes equal to the mass of the core, within the disc's lifetime. The formation process depends critically on the orbital distance and stellar mass. Aims. We simulate planet formation via pebble accretion up to crossover mass around stellar hosts with masses of 0.1-1.5 Msun, considering a range of formation locations, with and without Type I migration. Methods. We use a modified version of MESA that couples pebble accretion, gas accretion, and disc evolution. Results. We find that cold/warm Jupiters form, whereas in-situ formation fails at short orbital separations: viscous heating raises the isolation mass enough to assemble adequate cores, but the accompanying high disc's temperature prevents cooling and suppresses gas giant formation. This supports migration-based explanations for the origin of hot Jupiters. At large orbital distances, crossover can be reached before pebble isolation mass. This is possible due to efficient envelope contraction in the cold, low-opacity outer disc. Inferred core masses at crossover range between 0.7 and 20 M_Earth. Conclusions. Pebble accretion accommodates multiple formation pathways. Giant planets can also have very small cores. Overall, different formation conditions significantly influence planetary growth and can explain the diversity in compositions and internal structures observed in the exoplanet population.
发表机构
- Institut für Astrophysik, Universität Zürich（苏黎世大学天体物理研究所）
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University（莱斯大学地球、环境与行星科学系）
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