高分辨率紫外光谱学的未来：宜居世界天文台上的紫外阶梯光栅光谱仪或专用任务的科学
The future of high-resolution UV spectroscopy: Science with a UV Échelle spectrograph on the Habitable Worlds Observatory, or a dedicated mission
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文介绍PEGASUS紫外阶梯光栅光谱仪概念，为HWO或专用任务提供高灵敏度、高分辨率紫外光谱，覆盖行星、恒星和星系等广泛科学案例。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
高分辨率紫外光谱服务于从小天体到行星、恒星和星系的各种科学案例，但目前仅限于哈勃太空望远镜和明亮目标。重大进展需要将灵敏度提高至少一个数量级。在此，我们介绍PEGASUS（行星、地球、星系和恒星紫外光谱仪）的紫外科学案例，这是一种紫外阶梯光栅高分辨率光谱仪概念，分辨率$R = \lambda/\delta\lambda \sim 100\\,000$（全范围10 000-140 000），覆盖90--400 nm，并预计扩展到至少800 nm。PEGASUS非常适合宜居世界天文台（HWO），能够在紫外/光学波长范围内实现变革性科学。PEGASUS将以其高灵敏度（有效面积）和高光谱分辨率——一个未探索的领域——以及由于其设计简单而具有的稳健性而独树一帜。其紫外科学案例包括：I）行星的形成与演化及其宜居性：系外行星和大气层的性质、原行星盘、太阳系天体；II）恒星生命与死亡的极端情况：第一代恒星和元素的起源、致密和大质量恒星、超新星；III）星系重子循环中的气体和金属：星际介质、星系周介质和星系际介质及其在星系增长中的作用。这些对于2020年天文学十年调查、2050年航程和HWO至关重要。虽然本文侧重于高分辨率紫外光谱学所实现的高影响力科学，但PEGASUS将扩展到光学波段和较低光谱分辨率，使其成为HWO的多用途、广泛使用的主力光谱仪。
英文摘要
High-resolution UV spectroscopy serves a diversity of science cases, from small bodies to planets, stars, and galaxies, but is currently limited to the Hubble Space Telescope and bright targets. Major advances require increasing sensitivity by at least one order of magnitude. Here we present the UV science cases for PEGASUS (Planets, Earths, Galaxies, And Stars UV Spectrograph), a UV Échelle high-resolution spectrograph concept, with $R = λ/δλ\sim 100\,000$ (full range 10 000-140 000) and covering 90--400 nm, with a foreseen extension to at least 800 nm. PEGASUS is ideally suited for the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), enabling transformative science across the UV/optical wavelength ranges. PEGASUS will be unique in high sensitivity (effective area) and high spectral resolution -- an uncharted territory -- as well as robustness, thanks to the simplicity of its design. Its UV science cases include: I) Formation and evolution of planets and their habitability: properties of exoplanets and atmospheres, protoplanetary disks, Solar System bodies; II) Stellar lives and deaths at their extremes: the first stars and the origin of the elements, compact and massive stars, Supernovae; III) Gas and metals in the baryon cycle of galaxies: the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intergalactic medium and their roles in galaxy growth. These are essential for the Astro Decadal 2020 Survey, Voyage 2050, and HWO. While this paper focuses on high-impact science enabled by UV high-resolution spectroscopy, PEGASUS will extend into the optical regime and lower spectral resolution, making it a multi-purpose, widely used, workhorse spectrograph for HWO.
