发表机构
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文通过光谱拟合和模拟，检验了小红点（LRDs）的准恒星假说，发现其光球层超爱丁顿，包层质量适中，黑洞增长迅速，且无超大质量黑洞迹象，首次自洽支持准恒星作为LRD的中心引擎。
AI 中文摘要
我们提出了一种针对小红点（LRDs）的准恒星假说的光谱检验，该假说认为黑洞在类恒星包层内部生长。我们使用\texttt{Prospector}拟合宿主星系，并使用\texttt{TLUSTY}光球层对四个显示出强分子或原子吸收的LRD进行拟合。我们近似计算了每个天体的电子散射爱丁顿光度比，$\phi \equiv \kappa_{\rm es}\sigma T_{\rm eff}^{4}/(gc)$，并使用\texttt{MESA-QUEST}模拟其包层。所有四个天体都是超爱丁顿的，$\phi = 4.0$--$299$，尽管最大的值位于我们大气网格的边缘并超出了我们的模拟范围。我们推导出包层质量在$700$--$27{,}000\\,M_\odot$之间，而准恒星理论要求黑洞质量小于该值的三分之一。GN-28074比其已发表的维里质量估计低五个数量级，缓解了超大质量黑洞问题。它们的黑洞每$\sim0.05$--$3.5$~Myr质量翻倍，并能在$\lesssim30$~Myr内产生中等质量黑洞。吸水天体WIDE-EGS-2974的两个拟合分量共享同一个$\phi$，这与我们的假设一致，即吸收起源于扩展大气。然后我们将测量扩展到82个档案LRD，发现整个种群中光球层都是超爱丁顿的，其驱动的风速度为自身逃逸速度的$1$--$3$倍，这意味着LRD从大质量、连续谱驱动的源演化为更具爆发性的风，随着它们成熟并脱落外层包层。因此，我们约束了LRD的爱丁顿比和质量，并首次自洽地表明准恒星可能是为LRD提供能量的中心引擎。
英文摘要
We present a spectral test of the quasi-star hypothesis for Little Red Dots (LRDs) whereby a black hole grows inside a stellar-like envelope. We use Prospector to fit host galaxies and TLUSTY photospheres to 5 LRDs that show strong molecular or atomic absorption. We approximate each object's electron-scattered Eddington luminosity ratio, $ϕ\equiv κ_{\rm es}σT_{\rm eff}^{4}/(gc)$, and we use MESA-QUEST to simulate their envelopes. All 5 are super-Eddington at $ϕ= {87}$--$299$, with the caveat that the largest sources sit at the edge of our atmosphere grid and beyond our simulations. We derive envelope masses between $700$--${15{,}000}\,M_\odot$, where quasi-star theory requires the black hole to be less than a third of that. GN-28074 falls 5 decades below its published virial mass estimate, alleviating the overmassive black hole problem. Their black holes double every $\sim0.05$--${0.2}$~Myr and can produce intermediate-mass black holes in $\lesssim30$~Myr. Our 3 water-absorbing objects have cold components that are $2$--$3$~dex denser than their hot components, which we interpret as the water forming in cold dense clouds. We then extend our measurements to 82 archival LRDs, finding that the population has super-Eddington photospheres and wind speeds that increase with $ϕ$, which implies that LRDs evolve from massive sources with slow winds to having more eruptive winds as they mature and shed their outer envelopes. We thus constrain the Eddington ratios and masses of LRDs and show self-consistently that quasi-stars may be the central engines powering LRDs.
Comments27 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, submitted to ApJ, re-uploaded with minor corrections
