发表机构
Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu（奥卢大学无线通信中心）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文通过链路预算和3GPP信道模型，分析比较了LEO卫星与HAPS场景下LoRa和LR-FHSS的物联网覆盖性能，发现HAPS可支持低扩频因子LoRa，而LR-FHSS和高扩频因子LoRa适用于LEO卫星。
AI 中文摘要
本文分析并比较了在偏远地区物联网（IoT）连接场景中，使用低地球轨道（LEO）卫星和高空平台站（HAPS）搭载网关时LoRa与LR-FHSS的性能。我们进行了链路预算分析，以评估通信稳定性，并使用3GPP非地面网络信道模型评估这些技术支持不同距离和行为的能力。考虑了多个参数，如高度、最小仰角，以及不同类型损耗的影响，例如阴影和快衰落、电离层闪烁损耗等。我们的研究结果凸显了LR-FHSS与LoRa在连接性方面的性能差距。我们还强调了与LEO卫星相比，较低的HAPS高度如何有利于某些LoRa配置。我们表明，HAPS能够使用较低的LoRa扩频因子，这提高了可扩展性和能源效率，而LR-FHSS和较高扩频因子的LoRa仍然是LEO卫星的解决方案。
英文摘要
In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of LoRa and LR-FHSS in a remote area Internet-of-Things (IoT) connectivity scenario using a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites and high-altitude platform station (HAPS)-mounted gateway. We conducted a link budget analysis to evaluate communication stability to assess the ability of the technologies to support the different distances and behaviors using a 3GPP channel model for non-terrestrial networks. Several parameters are considered, such as altitude, minimum elevation angle as well as the impact of different types of loss, such as shadow and fast fading, ionosphere scintillation loss, for example. Our findings highlight the performance gap between LR-FHSS and LoRa in terms of both connectivity. We also highlight how lower HAPS altitudes can benefit certain LoRa settings compared to LEO satellites. We show that HAPS can enable the use of lower LoRa spreading factors, which improves scalability and energy efficiency, while LR-FHSS and a higher spreading factor LoRa remain the solution for LEO satellites.
Comments5 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, presented at Wireless Europe 2026, Rimini, Italy, June 2026
