发表机构
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC); ASTRON Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy; Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire; Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所; 荷兰射电天文研究所; 赫特福德大学物理、天文与数学系天体物理学研究中心; 杜伦大学物理系河外天文研究中心; 杜伦大学物理系计算宇宙学研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
利用LOFAR低频射电数据，为55个1LHAASO源寻找对应体，发现24个新SNR候选，并估计至少四分之一的银道面源位于SNR环境中。
AI 中文摘要
首个LHAASO目录列出了90个甚高能伽马射线发射源，其中许多在其他频率上没有确定对应体，这重新引发了关于哪些银河系加速器产生最高能量宇宙射线的问题。我们利用LOFAR两米巡天第三批数据发布（LoTSS-DR3）的银河系天区，在$6''$和$20''$分辨率的144~MHz连续谱图中，搜索55个1LHAASO源的低频射电对应体，并辅以其他射电巡天的存档数据。我们展示了所有55个源的射电发射概览，并识别了可能与伽马射线发射相关的结构。我们报告了24个新的超新星遗迹（SNR）候选体、9个具有微弱或无红外对应体的平谱射电壳层，以及6个在LOFAR图中没有明显银河系射电发射的源。自举分析显示，在银道面覆盖范围内（$|b| \leq 5$）的50个源中，有23个（46%）与已编目的SNR重叠，而随机放置即使在底层银河系SNR种群比当前编目大十倍的情况下，也仅产生$10.0\pm2.8$个匹配；在外银道面，偶然重合最罕见的地方，12个源中有4个与SNR重合，而零期望为$\lesssim2$。我们估计，1LHAASO银道面源中至少有四分之一，最多一半，真正位于SNR环境中，这与以脉冲星风云、SNR-PWN复合体和宇宙射线照射云为主体的种群一致。个别结果包括：TeV壳层HESS~J1912+101内的一个新SNR候选体，一个被假设用于解释1LHAASO~J1945+2424的GeV发射的SNR射电候选体，以及1LHAASO~JJ0056+6343u和1LHAASO~J2200+5643u的首个拟议对应体。
英文摘要
The First LHAASO Catalogue lists 90 sources of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission, many without an established counterpart at other frequencies, reopening the question of which Galactic accelerators produce the highest-energy cosmic rays. We search for low-frequency radio counterparts to the 55 1LHAASO sources that fall within the Galactic fields of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Data Release Three (LoTSS-DR3), using 144~MHz continuum maps at $6''$ and $20''$ resolution, complemented with archival data from other radio surveys where available. We present an overview of the radio emission towards all 55 sources, and identify the structures potentially associated with the gamma-ray emission. We report 24 new supernova remnant (SNR) candidates, nine flat-spectrum radio shells with faint or no infrared counterpart, and six sources with no clear Galactic radio emission present in the LOFAR maps. A bootstrap analysis shows that 23 of the 50 sources in the Galactic plane footprint (46\%, for $|b| \leq 5$) overlap a catalogued SNR, whereas random placement yields only $10.0\pm2.8$ matches even if the underlying Galactic SNR population is ten times larger than currently catalogued; in the outer Galaxy, where chance alignment is rarest, 4 of 12 sources coincide with an SNR against a null expectation of $\lesssim2$. We estimate that at least a quarter, and up to half, of the 1LHAASO Galactic-plane sources genuinely reside in SNR environments, consistent with a population dominated by pulsar wind nebulae, SNR--PWN composites, and cosmic-ray-illuminated clouds. Individual results include a new SNR candidate inside the TeV shell HESS~J1912+101, a radio candidate for the SNR hypothesised to explain the GeV emission of 1LHAASO~J1945+2424, and the first proposed counterparts of 1LHAASO~JJ0056+6343u and 1LHAASO~J2200+5643u.
CommentsAccepted in A&A
