发表机构
Dartmouth College（达特茅斯学院）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究审计谷歌和百度在12国4语言的1920个健康查询中的AI概览，发现两者均存在垂直整合倾向，且本地化程度低的国家本地来源引用少，官方语言查询可显著提升本地引用比例，并揭示健康免责声明随语言文化变化的多维特性。
AI 中文摘要
人工智能正被迅速整合进传统搜索系统中，然而，针对不同平台、地域和语言之间信息差异的审计研究却寥寥无几。我们通过比较谷歌和百度在健康查询中的AI概览系统，并衡量由此浮现的信息锚点，来填补这一空白。我们对12个国家和4种语言下的1,920个健康查询进行了审计，发现谷歌和百度均表现出垂直整合的特征，即在AI概览中将用户导向其自有公司平台，而非多样化的原始信源。较小且本地化程度较低的国家，在健康查询中获得的国内来源引用较少。使用该国官方语言而非英语发出相同查询，会使本地来源引用的比例提高约3.5至13.5倍。通过比较不同严重程度和争议程度的健康主题查询（以中医为例），我们还表明，健康免责声明是多维度的，并随语言和文化而变化。我们讨论了生成式搜索如何影响健康信息的获取，以及对这些影响关键健康决策的系统进行文化敏感监管的迫切必要性。
英文摘要
Artificial intelligence is being rapidly incorporated into traditional search systems, yet scant work audits the information disparities across platforms, geography, and languages. We address this gap by comparing Google and Baidu's AI Overview systems for health queries, and measure informational anchors that emerge. Auditing 1,920 health queries across 12 countries and 4 languages, we find that Google and Baidu exhibit vertical integration, routing users toward their own company platforms in AI Overviews rather than a diverse set of primary sources. Smaller, lower-localization countries receive fewer domestically sourced references for health queries. Issuing the same query in a country's official language rather than English raises the share of locally sourced citations approximately 3.5- to 13.5-fold. Comparing queries across health topics of varying severity and controversy, including Traditional Chinese Medicine as an example, we also show that health disclaimers are multidimensional and vary across language and culture. We discuss how generative search influences access to health information, and the urgent need for culturally-aware oversight of these systems that influence critical health decisions.
