发表机构
Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida（普渡大学埃尔莫电气与计算机工程学院; 佛罗里达大学电气与计算机工程系）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
针对弱耦合植入式脑机接口，综述双向无线通信技术，提出需亚皮焦每比特的宽带链路，并给出定量分析框架与协同设计路线图，以实现百万通道脑接口。
AI 中文摘要
植入式脑机接口（BCIs）有望带来变革性的社会影响，从恢复瘫痪、中风、硬化症和感觉缺陷患者的运动、感觉和言语功能，到作为人类认知与机器智能之间的高带宽通道。实现这些愿景需要从实验室原型转向慢性临床系统，这些系统需支持数千至数百万个电极，位于脑表面下数毫米至数厘米深处，并受严格的发热和尺寸限制。因此，几乎所有临床相关的植入物都工作在弱耦合状态下，耦合系数在损耗组织中跨厘米距离时为$10^{-3}$至$10^{-1}$。在此状态下，无线信道决定了功率传输效率、通信带宽和每比特能量的极限。我们回顾了感应、中场、射频、超声、磁电、光学、超宽带（UWB）和电准静态等模式的双向无线链路的最新进展，并针对临床维度（深度、尺寸和数据速率）进行基准测试。在由约$1^\circ$C组织发热上限设定的约10 mW通信预算内，窄带高Q值链路非常适合功率传输和低速数据，但在1-10 nJ/b的能耗下，即使采用激进的植入端压缩，也无法达到千通道至百万通道接口所需的超过10 Mbps至数十Gbps的上行链路。这要求低于10 pJ/b乃至最终低于1 pJ/b的无线链路，其中宽带技术，如超宽带（UWB）和脑信道通信（BCC），是合适的。最后，我们提出了一个用于分析此类无线链路的定量框架，以及涵盖电磁学、电路、封装、安全和监管的协同设计路线图，以实现安全、网络化的百万通道脑接口。
英文摘要
Implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) promise transformative societal impact, from restoring lost motor, sensory, and speech function in patients with paralysis, stroke, sclerosis, and sensory deficits to serving as a high-bandwidth conduit between human cognition and machine intelligence. Realizing these visions requires moving from laboratory prototypes to chronic clinical systems that support thousands to millions of electrodes, several millimeters to centimeters deep beneath the brain surface, under strict heating and size limits. Almost every clinically relevant implant therefore operates in a weakly coupled regime, with coupling coefficients of $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-1}$ across centimetres of lossy tissue. In this regime, the wireless channel sets the limits of power-transfer efficiency, communication bandwidth, and energy per bit. We review the recent progress of bidirectional wireless links across inductive, mid-field, RF, ultrasonic, magnetoelectric, optical, UWB, and electro-quasistatic modalities, and benchmark them against the clinical axes of depth, size, and data rate. Within an approximately 10 mW communication budget set by the approximately $1^\circ$C tissue-heating ceiling, narrowband high-Q links are well suited for power transfer and low-speed data, but at 1-10 nJ/b cannot reach the greater than 10 Mbps to tens of Gbps uplinks that thousand- to million-channel interfaces demand, even with aggressive on-implant compression. This calls for sub-10 pJ/b and ultimately sub-1 pJ/b wireless links, where wideband techniques, such as ultra-wideband (UWB) and brain-channel communication (BCC), are suitable. We close with a quantitative framework for analyzing such wireless links and a co-design roadmap across electromagnetics, circuits, packaging, security, and regulation, toward secure, networked, million-channel brain interfaces.
Comments33 pages, 4 figures, 2 Tables
