基于可信仿真的自动驾驶系统虚拟测试
Virtual Testing of Automated Driving Systems through Credible Simulations
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文针对自动驾驶系统虚拟测试中仿真可信度评估的局限，借鉴NASA STD-7009框架提出基于风险的仿真工具链可信度评估框架，可应用于相关道路安全与仿真研究。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
仿真日益被用于支持道路运输中与安全相关的决策，特别是自动驾驶系统（ADS）的评估与认证。ADS行为的复杂性及其运行设计域的规模，使得单纯依赖物理测试不切实际，因此在认证阶段大量使用虚拟测试（VT）。这一转变引发了关于用于支持道路安全决策的建模与仿真（M&S）结果可信度的关键问题。当前ADS领域的虚拟测试认证方法通常仅依赖验证实践，已被证明在应用于复杂的多工具仿真环境时扩展性较差。为解决这一局限，本文提出一种基于风险的框架，用于评估ADS安全评估中使用的仿真工具链的可信度，该框架借鉴了其他安全关键领域的成熟实践，特别是NASA的STD-7009（针对模型与仿真）。该框架扩展了传统的验证与确认（V&V），通过将可信度要求与仿真输出的预期用途及其在认证过程中所支持决策的安全关键性明确关联起来。它提供了一种面向生命周期的评估方案，整合了工具链管理、建模假设与局限性、验证、确认以及敏感性分析。可信度接受阈值被按比例定义，从而根据仿真是用于探索性安全分析、部分决策支持还是作为物理测试的替代，设定差异化要求。尽管该方法是针对ADS进行演示的，但它可直接应用于虚拟测试在安全评估和监管决策中发挥核心作用的道路安全与仿真研究。
英文摘要
Simulation is increasingly used to support safety-related decision-making in road transport, particularly for the assessment and approval of automated driving systems (ADS). The complexity of ADS behavior and size of their operational design domains make exclusive reliance on physical testing impractical, leading to extensive use of virtual testing (VT) during the approval phase. This shift raises critical questions regarding the credibility of modelling and simulation (M&S) results used to support road safety decisions. Current VT accreditation approaches in the ADS domain typically rely on validation-only practices, which have been shown to scale poorly when applied to complex, multi-tool simulation environments. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a risk-based framework for assessing the credibility of simulation toolchains used in ADS safety evaluation, drawing inspiration from established practices in other safety-critical domains, notably NASA's STD-7009 for models and simulations. The framework extends traditional verification and validation (V&V) by explicitly linking credibility requirements to the intended use of simulation outputs and to the safety criticality of the decisions they support within the approval process. It provides a lifecycle-oriented assessment scheme integrating toolchain management, modelling assumptions and limitations, verification, validation, and sensitivity analysis. Credibility acceptance thresholds are defined proportionally, allowing differentiated requirements depending on whether simulation is used for exploratory safety analysis, partial decision support, or as a substitute for physical testing. While demonstrated for ADS, the proposed approach is directly applicable to road safety and simulation studies where VT plays a central role in safety assessment and regulatory decision-making.
发表机构
- Joint Research Centre for the European Commission（欧盟委员会联合研究中心）
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