Open WebXR 与商业游戏引擎：面向开放、可持续且可互操作元宇宙的社会技术定位分析
WebXR and Commercial Game Engines for the Metaverse: A Socio-Technical Analysis of Openness, Interoperability, and Sustainability
- University of Trento（特伦托大学）
- University Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本文对比分析 Open WebXR 与商业游戏引擎在元宇宙构建各维度的表现，提出二者并非对立而是连续体，WebXR 适用于侧重可访问性等场景，商业引擎适用于侧重性能等场景。
AI中文摘要：
元宇宙常被定义为虚拟与增强环境构成的持久、可互操作且具具身性的网络。然而，当前多数扩展现实（XR）应用通过商业游戏引擎开发，并通过专有应用商店分发，造成了开放性与平台依赖之间的矛盾。本文批判性地考察了开放 WebXR 技术与传统商业游戏引擎流程，特别关注 XR 硬件、软件架构、开发者工作流、治理、伦理及可持续性。我们认为，WebXR 可能为构建更易访问、设备无关且机构可持续的元宇宙提供可行路径，尤其适用于教育、研究、文化遗产、原型制作及公共利益应用。与此同时，商业引擎在图形密集、低延迟、深度集成及大规模 XR 产品方面仍具优势。本文结论指出，选择不应被视为 WebXR 与引擎的对立，而应是一个连续体：当可访问性、互操作性、低摩擦部署及长期可维护性为首要目标时，WebXR 更优；而当性能、特定平台硬件访问及生产级工具占主导时，原生引擎仍更优。
英文摘要：
The Metaverse is often framed as a persistent, interoperable, and embodied network of virtual and augmented environments. Yet, most contemporary XR applications are developed through commercial game engines and distributed through proprietary app stores, creating tensions between openness and platform dependency. This paper critically examines open WebXR technologies with conventional commercial game-engine pipelines, with particular attention to XR hardware, software architectures, developer workflows, governance, ethics, interoperability, and sustainability. We argue that WebXR may provide a viable route toward a more accessible, device-independent, and institutionally sustainable Metaverse, especially for education, research, cultural heritage, prototyping, and public-interest applications. At the same time, commercial engines remain advantageous for graphically intensive, low-latency, deeply integrated, and large-scale XR products. The paper concludes that the choice should not be framed as WebXR versus engines, but as a continuum: WebXR is preferable when accessibility, interoperability, low-friction deployment, and long-term maintainability are primary goals, whereas native engines remain preferable when performance, platform-specific hardware access, and production-grade tooling dominate.
