发表机构
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Durham University; Yonsei University; Universidad de La Serena; European Southern Observatory; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM（印度科学教育研究所加尔各答分校; 印度技术学院印多尔分校; 杜伦大学; 延世大学; 拉塞雷纳大学; 欧洲南方天文台; 艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家空间研究中心，拉扎尔天体物理实验室）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文利用625个棒旋星系样本，以暗隙为替代指标研究z=0.02至3的棒性质演化，发现z~3前棒形成并快速增长，z≥1.4后暗隙范围适度减小，R_dark更适合估计棒长度，相关结果有助于约束早期宇宙棒驱动演化。
AI 中文摘要
恒星棒的性质对确定盘星系中棒驱动的长期演化起着关键作用，但目前仍缺乏对不同宇宙时间下多种棒性质（如强度和长度）的系统观测研究。本文利用来自SDSS、HST COSMOS和JWST CEERS巡天的625个棒旋星系样本，通过将暗隙（沿棒短轴的优先光亏）性质作为棒性质的替代指标，系统研究了红移范围为0.02 ≤ z < 3时棒性质的演化。研究结果显示，暗隙强度（Δμ_max）演化较弱，从高红移（z ~ 2.5）开始增加，在低红移（z < 0.05）时略有下降；相反，暗隙的范围（R_DG、R_dark，按棒长度归一化）从z ≥ 1.4时适度减小，之后保持恒定。研究表明，棒的形成及初始快速增长阶段发生在z ~ 3之前，随后向低红移阶段温和增长；还发现R_dark比R_DG更适合作为估计棒长度的替代指标，这支持了早期理论研究。此外，Δμ_max与棒总光比（Bar/T）及棒椭率（ε_bar）存在弱但统计显著的相关性。在如此广泛的红移范围内开展棒性质红移演化的研究，对约束早期宇宙中棒驱动演化具有重要作用。
英文摘要
The properties of stellar bars play a crucial role in determining the bar-driven secular evolution in disc galaxies. However, a systematic observational study of the evolution of several bar properties (such as strength and length) across cosmic time is largely missing. In this paper, using a sample of $625$ barred galaxies, taken from SDSS, HST COSMOS, and JWST CEERS surveys, we systematically investigate the evolution of bar properties over redshifts ($0.02 \lesssim z < 3$) by making a novel usage of dark gap (preferential light deficit along the bar minor axis) properties as a proxy for bar properties. We show that the dark gap strength ($Δμ_{\rm max}$) exhibits a weak evolution, increasing from higher redshifts ($z \sim 2.5$) and slightly declining towards lower redshifts ($z < 0.05$). Conversely, the extent of dark gaps ($R_{\rm DG}, R_{\rm dark}$; normalised by bar length) decreases moderately from $z \geq 1.4$ and remains constant thereafter. Our results suggest that bar formation and the initial rapid growth phase occur before $z \sim 3$, followed by mild growth towards lower redshifts. We also find $R_{\rm dark}$ to be a better proxy (as compared to $R_{\rm DG}$) for estimating bar length, supporting earlier theoretical studies. Furthermore, the $Δμ_{\rm max}$ shows a weak but statistically significant correlation with bar-to-total light ratio (Bar/T) and bar ellipticity ($ε_{\rm bar}$). Studies of the redshift evolution of bar properties over such an extensive redshift range as done here are instrumental in constraining the bar-driven evolution at early cosmic times.
Comments12 pages, 13 figures (including appendices), accepted for publication in MNRAS
