发表机构
International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University; Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology; Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Radioobservatorium Effelsberg; IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference; SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank; CSIRO Space and Astronomy（国际射电天文研究中心，科廷大学; 加州理工学院凯尔天文学与天体物理学中心; 加州理工学院欧文斯谷射电天文台; 麻省理工学院电气与计算机工程系; 麻省理工学院海斯塔克天文台; 马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所，埃费尔贝格射电天文台; 国际天文学联合会卫星星座干扰下暗夜与宁静天空保护中心; 平方公里阵列射电望远镜天文台，乔德雷尔银行; 澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织空间与天文部门）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该研究提出一种基于测量的EPFD计算方法，将EPFD框架适配到全天干涉成像数据，发现巨型卫星星座的EPFD分布超射电天文学干扰阈值，为低频射电频段监测提供可行途径。
AI 中文摘要
背景：巨型卫星星座会产生非预期电磁辐射（UEMR），影响低频射电天文学。国际电信联盟无线电通信部门（ITU-R）的无线电规则包含了处理UEMR的依据，但缺乏执行机制。目标：将基于卫星星座模拟的兼容性研究方法，特别是等效功率通量密度（EPFD）框架，适配到射电望远镜测量中。方法：我们将ITU-R EPFD计算框架适配到全天干涉成像获取的测量数据，解决前向模型EPFD计算与基于测量的方法之间的概念差异，尤其针对通常具有宽视场的低频系统和干涉仪设备。结果：我们首次证明全天干涉观测可实现EPFD形式化方法到测量数据的直接适配，从而证实了Di Vruno等人2023年的先前估计：基于测量的EPFD分布在50%-70%的样本中超过了ITU-R RA.769-2建议定义的射电天文学干扰阈值水平，这些超出比例远高于ITU-R RA.1513-2建议中2%的单系统数据损失准则。以常规2%兼容性余量表示，相应余量为负值，范围在-18.6至-16.3分贝之间，相当于需要16.3-18.6分贝的均匀衰减。结论：基于测量的实现方案为低频射电频段的验证和长期监测提供了可行途径，可成为可执行性的重要组成部分，我们提出了支持测量的仪器方法。
英文摘要
Context: Satellite mega-constellations generate Unintended Electro-Magnetic Radiation (UEMR) impacting low frequency radio astronomy. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) contain the basis for addressing UEMR, but enforcement mechanisms are absent. Aims: To adapt compatibility study methods based on satellite constellation simulations, in particular the Equivalent Power Flux-Density (EPFD) framework, to radio telescope measurements. Methods: We adapt the ITU-R EPFD calculation framework to measurement data obtained from all-sky interferometric imaging. We address the conceptual differences between forward-model EPFD calculations and measurement-based approaches. In particular, we consider low frequency systems, which are typically wide field-of-view and interferometric instruments. Results: For the first time, we demonstrate that all-sky interferometric observations enable a direct adaptation of the EPFD formalism to measurement data. We thus confirm previous estimations (Di Vruno et al. 2023) that the resulting measurement-based EPFD distributions exceed the radio astronomy interference threshold levels defined in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2 in 50-70% of samples. These exceedance fractions are well above the 2% single-system data-loss criterion in Recommendation ITU-R RA.1513-2. Expressed using the conventional 2% compatibility margin, the corresponding margins are negative, ranging from -18.6 to -16.3 dB, equivalent to a required uniform attenuation of 16.3-18.6 dB. Conclusions: Measurement-based implementations provide a practical pathway toward verification and long-term monitoring at low radio frequencies, which could form an important component of enforceability. We suggest instrumentation approaches to support measurement.
CommentsAccepted to Astronomy and Astrophysics (02/09/2026), 13 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables (abstract abridged relative to accepted version, due to arXiv character limits)
