从开放标准到开放治理：平台化与数字主权背景下的标准制定组织作为开放性的管理者
From Open Standards to Openly Governed: Standards-Setting Organizations as Stewards of Openness amid Platformization and Digital Sovereignty
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文探讨平台化与数字主权下开放地理空间标准的公共属性问题，提出4Ps框架，指出标准制定机构的内部治理是关键，需应对专有平台化与主权策略带来的挑战。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
开放地理空间标准使数据、服务和系统能够跨平台运行，但开放性不仅是规范的属性，还取决于制定标准的机构及其运行的基础设施。标准可作为数字公共产品，一旦嵌入公共系统，便成为数字公共基础设施，这两种角色可能会出现分歧。本文探讨开放地理空间标准何时仍为公共基础设施而非成为封闭的渠道，提出两项主张：其一，标准制定的治理至关重要，制度设计决定开放规范是否保持公共产品属性；其二，地理空间协调正转向专有位置栈、API及云平台，路线图、定价和服务条款日益成为规则，主权云与主权AI策略只是转移了权力而非消除权力，这些动态相互强化，薄弱的治理推动协调向实施层转移，平台化则降低对开放标准化的投资激励，削弱可移植性与FAIR可重用性。标准制定机构无法逆转平台化，但仍掌控规范层，在法律保障有限时，内部治理成为关键，本文通过目的、原则、人员与流程、政策与实践（4Ps框架）四个维度阐释，同时强调内部治理无法单独解决外部结构性问题的局限。
英文摘要
Open geospatial standards let data, services, and systems work across platforms. But openness is not just a property of specifications. It also depends on the institutions that produce them and the infrastructures in which they operate. Standards may function as digital public goods and, once embedded in public systems, as digital public infrastructure. Those roles can diverge. This paper asks when open geospatial standards remain public infrastructure rather than becoming channels of enclosure. It makes two claims. First, standards-setting governance matters: institutional design shapes whether open specifications retain their public-good character. Second, geospatial coordination is shifting toward proprietary location stacks, APIs, and cloud platforms, where roadmaps, pricing, and service terms increasingly set the rules. Sovereign-cloud and sovereign-AI strategies relocate this power rather than remove it. These dynamics reinforce each other. Weak governance pushes coordination toward the implementation layer; platformization, in turn, reduces incentives to invest in open standardization, weakening portability and FAIR reuse. Standards bodies cannot reverse platformization, but they still control the specification layer. Where legal safeguards are limited, internal governance becomes key. We frame this through four dimensions: Purpose, Principles, People and Processes, and Policies and Practices (the 4Ps framework) while stressing the limit that internal governance cannot solve alone an external structural problem.
发表机构
- The GovLab（GovLab）
- New York University（纽约大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
