发表机构
Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies, Technische Universität Ilmenau; Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau（微纳技术研究所，埃尔朗根-纽伦堡工业大学; 热力学与流体力学研究所，埃尔朗根-纽伦堡工业大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究提出双折射显微镜（DRM），无需修改标准宽场显微镜，通过双折射载玻片实现多维超分辨率成像，经实验验证其定位、取向及光谱读取能力，可将超分辨率技术推广至普通实验室。
AI 中文摘要
多维光学显微镜从纳米级发射体中提取三维位置、取向和光谱信息，是现代纳米科学的关键。然而，这种多维能力需要复杂的仪器设置，要求极高的稳定性和专业光学知识。在此，我们通过引入双折射显微镜（DRM）克服了这些障碍，这是一种被动成像方法，为多维超分辨率成像提供了简便途径。DRM基于双折射显微镜载玻片的双焦点成像，将纳米探针光分裂为特征性双图像，编码三维位置、取向和光谱特征，且无需对标准宽场显微镜进行任何硬件修改。为展示其稳健性，我们使用三种不同材料和厚度的载玻片实现DRM，用450纳米纳米颗粒校准三维定位，利用偏振控制发射体证明高取向灵敏度；此外，我们用针孔阵列作为点发射体网格，在不同波长下背照以产生不同光谱特征，确认光谱读取功能；最后，我们利用标准落射荧光显微镜的单光学通路，在10微米间隙内进行双色三维定位测量，展示其实用性。最终，DRM提供了缺失的光学硬件简易性，可补充成熟的计算工具，有望将先进的超分辨率能力从专业设施转移到每个实验室的实验台。
英文摘要
Multidimensional optical microscopy - extracting 3D location, orientation, and spectral information from nanoscale emitters - is key to modern nanoscience. However, this multidimensional capability requires complex instrumental setups, demanding exceptional stability and specialized expertise in optics. Here, we overcome these barriers by introducing Double Refraction Microscopy (DRM), a passive imaging method providing a straightforward pathway to multidimensional super-resolution imaging. Based on bifocal imaging via a birefringent microscope slide, DRM splits nanoprobe light into a characteristic double image encoding 3D location, orientation, and spectral signature, while requiring zero hardware modifications to standard wide-field microscopes. To showcase its robustness, we implement DRM across three distinct slides of varying materials and thicknesses, calibrating 3D localization with 450-nm nanoparticles and demonstrating high orientation sensitivity using polarization-controlled emitters. Furthermore, we confirm spectral readout using a pinhole array acting as a grid of point emitters back-illuminated at various wavelengths to generate distinct spectral signatures. Finally, we showcase practical utility by performing a two-colour 3D localization measurement within a $10\,μ\text{m}$ gap, utilizing the single optical pathway of a standard epi-fluorescence microscope. Ultimately, DRM provides the missing optical hardware simplicity to complement established computational tools, promising to transfer advanced super-resolution capabilities from specialized facilities to every laboratory bench.
Comments25 pages manuscript (double-spaced, single-column), 6 figures, plus 3 pages Supplementary Information
