发表机构
Montana State University; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies（蒙大拿州立大学; 法兰克福高等研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本综述考察中子星的超流性与超导性，梳理核子配对、涡旋动力学等微观与介观物理，探讨其与脉冲星观测现象的关联，明确相关关键开放问题。
AI 中文摘要
中子星包含多种量子凝聚态物质，其微观性质决定了这些迷人天体的宏观旋转动力学与磁行为。本综述对致密星中的超流性与超导性进行了考察，重点关注与量化涡旋、磁通量结构相关的现象，以及这些现象与观测结果的潜在关联。我们首先总结核子配对的微观物理，包括内壳层的自旋单态 $^1S_0$ 中子配对、外核心的质子超导性，以及高密度下的自旋三重态 $^3P_2$--$^3F_2$ 中子配对，同时梳理了影响对应能隙的主要多体不确定性。随后，我们讨论中子涡旋的动力学，包括钉扎、涡旋蠕变与耗散运动，以及涡旋动力学在超流体与可观测壳层组分间角动量交换中的作用。我们特别关注II型超导核心中的质子通量管、I型超导性的可能实现，以及涡旋-通量管相互作用。我们还综述了集体旋转现象，包括涡旋晶格的Tkachenko振荡与自由进动，及其与脉冲星计时长期变化的潜在关联。最后，我们探讨强子物质退禁闭为夸克物质、色超导相的形成，以及与这些相相关的拓扑缺陷，及其潜在的观测效应。在整个综述中，我们明确了连接微观配对、介观缺陷动力学与可观测中子星现象的关键开放问题。
英文摘要
Neutron stars contain several forms of quantum condensed matter whose microscopic properties control macroscopic rotational dynamics and magnetic behavior of these fascinating objects. This review surveys superfluidity and superconductivity in compact stars, with emphasis on phenomena associated with quantized vorticity and magnetic-flux structures, and the possible connections to observed phenomena. We first summarize the microphysics of nucleonic pairing, including spin-singlet $^1S_0$ neutron pairing in the inner crust, proton superconductivity in the outer core, and spin-triplet $^3P_2$--$^3F_2$ neutron pairing at higher densities, together with the principal many-body uncertainties affecting the corresponding pairing gaps. We then discuss the dynamics of neutron vortices, including pinning, vortex creep, and dissipative motion, and the role of vortex dynamics in angular-momentum exchange between the superfluid and the observable crustal component. We give special attention to proton flux tubes in type-II superconducting cores, the possible realization of type-I superconductivity, and vortex--flux-tube interactions. We also review collective rotational phenomena, including Tkachenko oscillations of the vortex lattice and free precession, and their possible relation to long-term variability in pulsar timing. Finally, we discuss the possible deconfinement of hadronic matter into quark matter, the formation of color-superconducting phases, and the topological defects associated with these phases, together with their possible observational consequences. Throughout the review, we identify key open questions connecting microscopic pairing, mesoscopic defect dynamics, and observable neutron-star phenomena.
CommentsInvited review for Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics, 42 pages, 15 figures,
