发表机构
Dalian University of Technology; Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China（大连理工大学; 中国科学院紫金山天文台; 中国科学技术大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文利用引力波信号GW250114，通过分离并合前与并合后数据的测量，以3.3-3.6σ的置信水平确认了贝肯斯坦-霍德界，较此前的GW150914检验有显著提升。
AI 中文摘要
黑洞通过受扰系统的弛豫率极限将引力、热力学与信息联系起来。贝肯斯坦-霍德界在固定温度下施加了最小弛豫时间，但其观测检验需要同时表征黑洞热力学特性并测量衰减时间。本文利用GW250114（迄今观测到的双黑洞并合产生的最强引力波信号）检验该界。我们从在峰值前至少10M处截断的并合前数据推断残余温度，从并合后数据推断其最长寿命衰减时间，从而避免直接重复使用相同的应变样本。振铃频率和阻尼时间允许独立变化，而非固定为克尔谱。对于t<=-10M的初步分析，在焦点振铃起始时间范围内，该界以3.3-3.6σ的置信水平得到验证，较GW150914设定的91%置信水平有显著提升。在不同的并合前截断值以及波形建模中明确包含短寿命的第一泛音的情况下，结论仍保持稳健。这种分离数据的测量将信息论的弛豫界转化为对单个天体物理黑洞的精确检验。
英文摘要
Black holes link gravity, thermodynamics and information via limits on the relaxation rate of a perturbed system. The Bekenstein-Hod bound imposes a minimum relaxation time at fixed temperature, but its observational test demands both black hole thermodynamic characterization and decay time measurement. Here we test this bound with GW250114, the loudest gravitational-wave signal yet observed from a binary black-hole merger. We infer the remnant temperature from pre-merger data truncated at least $10\,M$ before the peak and its longest-lived decay time from post-merger data, thereby avoiding direct reuse of the same strain samples. The ringdown frequencies and damping times are allowed to vary independently rather than being fixed to the Kerr spectrum. For the primary $t_{<}=-10\,M$ analysis, the bound is verified at $3.3-3.6σ$ across the focal ringdown start times, representing a substantial improvement over the $91\%$ confidence level set by GW150914. The conclusion remains robust under varied pre-merger cutoffs and explicit inclusion of the short-lived first overtone in waveform modelling. This separated-data measurement converts an information-theoretic relaxation bound into a precision test of a single astrophysical black hole.
Comments9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table
