发表机构
Space sciences, Technologies, and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale; NOVA Optical and Infrared Instrumentation Group; Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA); Indian Institutes of Technology, Kanpur; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)（列日大学空间科学、技术和天体物理研究（STAR）研究所; 马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所; 巴黎萨克雷大学、巴黎西岱大学、法国原子能和替代能源委员会、法国国家科学研究中心、天体物理学和行星学研究所; 巴黎萨克雷大学、法国国家科学研究中心、空间天体物理研究所; NOVA光学与红外仪器组; 中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所; 坎普尔印度理工学院; 比利时皇家空间气旋研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究更新了HEEPS模拟器，完成METIS相关光学建模与像差控制优化，生成覆盖多波段多模式的HCI性能模拟，为ELT时代仪器设计与科学观测提供支撑。
AI 中文摘要
中红外极大望远镜（ELT）成像仪和光谱仪（METIS）预计将于2030年初迎来首次光，旨在通过高对比度成像（HCI）和光谱学探测并表征系外行星和星周盘。高对比度端到端性能模拟器（HEEPS）最初开发用于支持METIS的HCI模式设计，现已成为METIS科学团队准备和优化观测的关键工具。HEEPS是一款基于Python的开源软件，采用模块化架构，整合了波前菲涅尔传播包PROPER和涡旋图像处理（VIP）包的HCI图像处理功能。尽管专为METIS设计，其模块化特性也已应用于其他HCI仪器。本研究介绍了HEEPS的最新更新，包括最终METIS光瞳和Lyot光阑的建模、基于已建成光学表面误差的修正准静态非共光路像差（NCPA）和Talbot效应模拟，以及更新的METIS单共轭自适应光学（SCAO）模拟。我们还讨论了NCPA控制策略的进展，重点关注帧率、延迟和传感性能优化，特别是利用非对称Lyot波前传感器（ALF）算法减轻水汽视宁效应。通过这些改进，我们生成了METIS的HCI性能综合模拟网格，覆盖L、M和N波段的一系列星等以及多种HCI观测模式。这些模拟得到了更新的5σ灵敏度对比度曲线和模拟HCI观测，为仪器优化和科学观测规划提供了关于HCI性能的关键见解。我们的结果强调了端到端模拟在ELT时代连接仪器设计与科学就绪性方面的关键作用。
英文摘要
The Mid-infrared Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) instrument, expected to see first light in early 2030, aims to detect and characterise exoplanets and circumstellar disks through high- contrast imaging (HCI) and spectroscopy. The High-contrast End-to-End Performance Simulator (HEEPS), initially developed to support the design of the METIS HCI modes, has evolved into a crucial tool for the METIS science team to prepare and optimize observations. HEEPS is an open-source Python-based software with a modular architecture, integrating the wavefront Fresnel propagation package PROPER, and HCI image processing with the Vortex Image Processing (VIP) package. Though designed for METIS, its modularity has been applied to other HCI instruments as well. This work presents recent updates to HEEPS, including modelling of the final METIS pupil and Lyot stops, revised quasi-static non-common path aberrations (NCPA) and Talbot effect simulations informed by as-built optical surface errors, and updated METIS Single Conjugated Adaptive Optics (SCAO) simulations. We also discuss advancements in NCPA control strategies focusing on framerate, latency and sensing performance optimization, particularly for mitigating water vapor seeing effects using the asymmetric Lyot wavefront sensor (ALF) algorithm. With these refinements, we present a comprehensive grid of HCI performance simulations for METIS, covering a range of magnitudes in the L, M, and N-bands, and several HCI observing modes. These simulations produce updated 5-sigma sensitivity contrast curves and mock HCI observations, providing key insights on HCI performance for instrument optimization and science observation planning. Our results underscore the key role of end-to-end simulations in bridging instrumental design and scientific readiness in the ELT era.
Comments17 pages, 11 figures, paper presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026
Journal refProceedings of the SPIE, Volume 14150, id. 14150-299 (2026)
