当前宇宙学模拟中大质量星系的结构丰度危机
The Structural Abundance Crisis of Massive Galaxies in Current Cosmological Simulations
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究对比观测与 IllustrisTNG、EAGLE、SIMBA 模拟的大质量星系结构丰度,发现所有模拟均存在结构偏差、不足产生高度扁平盘星系,建立了测试星系形成模型的新基准 SAFs。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
星系的内部结构编码了由气体吸积、恒星形成和反馈驱动的复杂重子循环,以及 secular 演化和并合、潮汐相互作用等环境驱动过程。我们通过将 Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru 战略计划观测结果与 IllustrisTNG、EAGLE 和 SIMBA 的匹配模拟图像进行比较,对近邻大质量星系(恒星质量对数 log(M_⋆/M_⊙) > 10)开展了种群层面的普查。采用一致的同级别成像流程,我们构建了关键形态参数的结构丰度函数(SAFs),揭示了结构丰度危机。在 Sérsic 指数、集中度、大小和椭率方面,所有模拟都存在大的系统偏差(>5σ;均方根误差 RMSE 约为 0.2–1.8 dex),通常对应几倍的丰度差异。虽然单个模拟表现出不同的失败情况——要么不足要么过多产生致密椭球星系、延展或圆星系——但所有模拟都不足产生高度扁平的盘星系。尽管 TNG 显示出最接近的一致性,SIMBA 的偏差最大,但这种共同的失败表明,当前模型尽管匹配了恒星质量函数等全局人口统计特征,但并未唯一约束星系的内部结构。我们的结果表明,积分可观测性的一致性可能掩盖了质量和角动量再分配建模中的根本缺陷。因此,我们将 SAFs 确立为严格的、多维的、观测上可获取的基准,用于在即将到来的深场、宽场调查时代测试和校准下一代星系形成模型。
英文摘要
The internal structure of galaxies encodes the complex baryon cycle driven by gas accretion, star formation, and feedback, together with secular evolution and environmentally driven processes such as mergers and tidal interactions. We present a population-level census of massive nearby galaxies ($\log(M_\star/M_\odot) > 10$) by comparing Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program observations with matched mock images from IllustrisTNG, EAGLE, and SIMBA. Using a consistent, like-for-like imaging pipeline, we construct structural abundance functions (SAFs) for key morphological parameters, revealing a structural abundance crisis. Across Sérsic index, concentration, size, and ellipticity, all simulations exhibit large, systematic discrepancies ($>5σ$; RMSE $\sim 0.2$--$1.8$\,dex), typically corresponding to abundance differences of factors of several. While individual simulations display diverse failures---underproducing or overproducing compact spheroids, extended or round galaxies ---all underproduce highly flattened disks. Although TNG shows the closest agreement and SIMBA the largest offsets, this shared failure indicates that current models---despite matching global demographics such as the stellar mass function---do not uniquely constrain internal galaxy structure. Our results demonstrate that agreement in integrated observables can mask fundamental shortcomings in the modelling of mass and angular momentum redistribution. We therefore establish SAFs as a stringent, multidimensional, and observationally accessible benchmark for testing and calibrating next-generation galaxy formation models in the era of upcoming deep, wide-field surveys.
发表机构
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院上海天文台)
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia(西澳大利亚大学国际射电天文学研究中心)
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University(北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所)
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University(北京大学物理学院天文学系)
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院国家天文台)
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