锌电池用固态与准固态电解质：平衡水活度、离子传输与界面
Solid and Quasi-Solid Electrolytes for Zinc Batteries: Balancing Water Activity, Ion Transport, and Interfaces
- Tohoku University（东北大学）
- Chulalongkorn University（朱拉隆功大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本文针对锌电池水系电解质的缺陷，研究不同类型锌电解质，指出需平衡多关键因素，提出可控溶剂化与混合电解质是近期可行路径，明确了相关研究的验证要求。
AI中文摘要：
锌电池为安全、低成本储能提供了极具吸引力的途径，然而其依赖的水系电解质会引发析氢、腐蚀、正极溶解及锌沉积不均等问题。用固态或准固态电解质替代液体可抑制这些过程，但也会消除实现快速Zn²⁺传输和共形电极接触的介质。这种因除水产生的矛盾，因“固态”术语使用不统一及主要基于体相离子电导率的对比而被掩盖。本文对从富水水凝胶到干聚合物、溶剂化晶体、无机导体的连续体锌电解质展开批判性研究，区分水含量与热力学水活度，并按相态、可移动溶剂分数及主导传输机制对这些材料分类。研究表明，高电导率或名义无水组成均无法可靠预测电池性能：电解质厚度、Zn²⁺迁移数、界面电阻及演变的接触状况常决定实际结果。因此，可控溶剂化电解质与混合电解质是近期最可行的路径，而真正无溶剂的Zn²⁺导体仍是长期科学目标。进展需透明报告溶剂状态，并采用薄电解质、实际电极负载、有限锌过量及日历寿命测试进行验证。
英文摘要：
Zinc batteries offer a compelling route to safe and low-cost energy storage, yet their reliance on aqueous electrolytes promotes hydrogen evolution, corrosion, cathode dissolution, and non-uniform zinc deposition. Replacing the liquid with a solid or quasi-solid electrolyte can suppress these processes, but it also removes the medium that enables rapid Zn2+ transport and conformal electrode contact. This tension, the price of removing water, has been obscured by inconsistent use of the term solid state and by comparisons based largely on bulk ionic conductivity. Here we critically examine zinc electrolytes across a continuum from water-rich hydrogels to dry polymers, solvated crystals, and inorganic conductors. We distinguish water content from thermodynamic water activity and classify these materials according to phase state, mobile-solvent fraction, and dominant transport mechanism. We show that neither high conductivity nor nominally water-free composition reliably predicts cell performance: electrolyte thickness, Zn2+ transference, interfacial resistance, and evolving contact often determine the practical outcome. Controlled-solvation and hybrid electrolytes therefore provide the most credible near-term path, whereas genuinely solvent-free Zn2+ conductors remain a longer-term scientific target. Progress will require transparent reporting of solvent state and validation using thin electrolytes, realistic electrode loadings, limited zinc excess, and calendar-life testing.
