天鹅座全尺度化学与动力学环境巡天：CASCADE：VI. DR21脊中的分子外流
The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE: VI. Molecular outflows in the DR21 ridge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń（尼古拉·哥白尼大学托伦高等研究院）
- Max Planck Insitute for Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）
- Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik（海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所）
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias（蒙特雷理工学院工程与科学学院）
- I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne（科隆大学第一物理研究所）
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS（波尔多大学天体物理实验室）
- Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna（维也纳大学天体物理学系）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
本研究依托CASCADE项目，利用IRAM 30m望远镜和NOEMA数据识别DR21脊的分子外流，发现41%致密核存在外流，且外流属性多不受极端聚集环境影响。
AI中文摘要：
恒星形成发生在从孤立团块到大质量分子云复合体的多样环境中，然而恒星形成的环境是否会对形成过程产生影响仍存在争议。原恒星形成过程中驱动的分子外流为研究不同环境中的恒星形成提供了更易获取的途径。天鹅座X大质量恒星形成复合体中的DR21脊包含大量大质量致密核以及带有外流的嵌入原恒星。本研究旨在识别DR21脊沿线与致密分子核相关的分子外流，并探究延伸环境是否会影响其中恒星的形成过程。作为CASCADE项目的一部分，研究人员利用IRAM 30米望远镜和NOEMA获取的HCO⁺ J=1-0、H¹³CO⁺ J=1-0和SiO J=2-1观测数据，识别DR21脊沿线的分子外流；计算外流属性，并将DR21脊源与文献中的低质量至大质量外流源样本进行统计比较。基于HCO⁺、H¹³CO⁺和SiO的形态，研究人员在DR21脊沿线的34个致密核中的14个（占比41%）内识别出分子外流。尽管DR21的恒星形成密度很高，但所产生的外流属性与已确立的外流-源属性相关性吻合良好。脊沿线源的外流属性几乎无差异，仅DR21脊与约1 pc尺度吸积丝的交点处的源例外，这些源驱动着最强的外流。总体而言，研究结果表明，即使是在DR21脊这类极端聚集区域形成的原恒星，其外流属性在很大程度上仍不受影响。
英文摘要：
Star formation takes place in varied environments, from isolated clumps to massive molecular cloud complexes. However, whether the environment in which a star forms has any effect on the formation process remains a matter of debate. The molecular outflows, launched during the formation of protostars present a more easily accessible way to study star formation in different environments. The DR21 ridge, in the Cygnus-X high-mass star-forming complex, hosts a high number of massive dense cores and embedded protostars with outflows. We aim to identify molecular outflows associated with dense molecular cores along the DR21 ridge, and investigate whether the extended environment impacts the formation process of stars within it. We identified molecular outflows along the DR21 ridge using HCO+ J=1-0, H13CO+ J=1-0, and SiO J=2-1 observations obtained with the IRAM 30m telescope and NOEMA as part of the CASCADE program. We calculated outflow properties and performed statistical comparisons between the DR21 ridge sources and a literature sample of low- to high-mass outflow sources. Based on the morphology of HCO+, H13CO+ and SiO, we identify molecular outflows in 14 out of 34 dense cores (41%) along the DR21 ridge. Despite the high density of star formation in DR21, the resulting outflow properties are found to be in good agreement with the established correlations between outflow and source properties. Little variation is seen in the outflow properties of sources along the ridge, with the exception of sources located at the intersection of the DR21 ridge with large-scale (~1 pc) accretion filaments. These sources are found to drive the most powerful outflows. Overall, our results indicate that protostellar outflow properties, even when driven by sources forming in an extreme and clustered region, such as the DR21 ridge, remain largely unaffected.
